砂土液化判别方法研究

评定地基土液化可能性是抗震勘察设计中的一个重大课题,通过对比《建筑抗震设计规范》推荐判别方法与美国Seed判别法,推导出新的判别方法,该法具有判别准确、理论合理、计算简便、与工程实际相结合等优点,是一种值得推广的判别方法。     

Geological risk assessment of the area surrounding Altamira Cave: A proposed Natural Risk Index and Safety Factor for protection of prehistoric caves

Altamira Cave occurs in a carbonate sequence-dated as middle to upper Cenomanian, being characterized by tabular bedding. This sequence has been studied in detail and mapped in an attempt to delimit the beds in which the cave was formed. The cave forms part of a karstic complex developed in the Altamira Formation, which consists of eight stratigraphic units characterized by karstic forms and landslides as the main geomorphologic elements. The strong relationship between sinkholes and faults within the area was also revealed, with sinkholes of oval morphology aligned along the faults. Inside the cave, the subhorizontal bedding is intersected by subvertical joints, generating geometrical blocks prone to falling down. This is the main process of the present evolution of the cave in addition to the dissolution and precipitation of carbonates in local zones. We used this geological characterization as the basis for the definition of protection areas around prehistoric caves, applied in this article to the Altamira Cave. Landslides, water flow towards the cave, rock falls within cave and karstic features are the main geological risks affecting the karstic complex. Two semi-quantitative indexes were proposed, the Natural Risk Index (NRI) and Safety Factor (SF), with the main aim of determining the risk level in different zones of the study area. The information provided by geological studies as well as the results obtained using the proposed indexes allowed definition suitable protection areas around the cave.     

临界动剪应力比法求解强夯加固软土地基有效加固深度的探讨

运用土体破坏时临界动剪应力比方法求解强夯加固软土地基的有效加固深度。结合某工程实例。利用动三轴试验仪测定土体在一定的动应力作用下产生破坏时的临界动剪应力比，同时计算锤底动应力在土中分布的规律。结果表明：在一定夯击能的作用下强夯有效加固深度8．6m，计算结果与实测结果较接近。     

浙赣皖相邻区与德兴、铜陵矿集区燕山期花岗岩类岩石对比研究及其成矿

浙赣皖相邻区与铜陵、德兴地区岩石系列相似,主要为高钾钙碱性系列;在岩石类型上,浙赣皖相邻区较德兴和铜陵地区两个矿集区的岩体偏酸性,主要岩石类型为二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩,德兴地区和铜陵地区的主要岩石类型为花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩。从浙赣皖相邻区→德兴地区→铜陵地区,岩体的里特曼指数逐渐增加,A/CNK逐渐减小,K/(K Na)逐渐减小。在岩石化学特征上,浙赣皖相邻区较德兴和铜陵矿集区的岩体富Si、K,贫Mg、Fe、Ca等暗色矿物组分及Ti、P等不相容元素组分,从浙赣皖相邻区→德兴地区→铜陵地区岩石明显地向贫Si、K富Mg、Fe方向演化。在岩石成因类型上,浙赣皖相邻区岩石主要为I型花岗岩,个别为S型花岗岩,德兴和铜陵两个矿集区岩石均为Ⅰ型花岗岩,无S型。痕量元素、同位素特征及岩石学特征表明浙赣皖相邻区的物质来源以壳源为主,而德兴地区及铜陵地区为壳幔混合型或有大量幔源物质的参与,其原因可能与3个地区不同的构造背景有关。综合上述对比研究,认为在浙赣皖相邻地区要找到铜陵式的Cu矿和德兴式Cu、Mo矿的可能性较小。     

多层采空区调查中瞬变电磁法的应用

有些煤层存在2层或2层以上的采空区,目前很多方法只能有效地探测最顶层采空区。针对这一情况,根据多层采空区的地球物理特征,利用瞬变电磁法,通过分析多测道电压剖面图和拟视电阻率断面图,准确地探测出了多层采空区的位置。结果表明,根据多层采空区地球物理特征,利用瞬变电磁法准确探测多层采空区的位置划清责任是形之有效的方法。     

影响咸淡水界面水敏性的几个因素

文章通过砂柱的水击试验,对水流速度、盐浓度、pH值对咸淡水界面水敏性的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明,咸淡水界面上存在临界盐浓度值和临界流速值,当入流溶液浓度达到临界盐浓度和流速达到临界流速时,都会产生颗粒释放现象,导致砂柱的渗透率下降,水敏性发生。在相同的盐浓度和进水流速条件下,进水的pH值越低,颗粒释放的速度越慢,释放总量越少;进水的pH值越高,颗粒释放的速度越快,释放总量越多。     

Rainfall thresholds for shallow landsliding derived from pressure‐head monitoring: cases with permeable and impermeable bedrocks in Boso Peninsula,Japan

Rainfall thresholds for shallow landslide initiation were determined for hillslopes with two types of bedrock, permeable sandstone and impermeable mudstone, in the Boso Peninsula, Japan. The pressure‐head response to rainfall was monitored above a slip scarp due to earlier landslides. Multiple regression analysis estimated the rainfall thresholds for landsliding from the relation between the magnitude of the rainfall event and slope instability caused by the increased pressure heads. The thresholds were expressed as critical combinations of rainfall intensity and duration, incorporating the geotechnical properties of the hillslope materials and also the slope hydrological processes. The permeable sandstone hillslope has a greater critical rainfall and hence a longer recurrence interval than the impermeable mudstone hillslope. This implies a lower potential for landsliding in sandstone hillslopes, corresponding to lower landslide activity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Macro-and Micro-Structures of Heavy Fogs and Visibility in the Dayaoshan Expressway

Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate,the Nanling mountainous area experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May.There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month.Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway(the longest expressway in China)that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts.,where the road rises from 200m to more than 800m above sea level(ASL).For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts.,two multidisciplinary integrated field observations were carried out,which measured visibility by the naked eyes,visibility by instrument,spectrum of fog- drops,liquid water content(LWC)of fog,tethered sounding,dual-parameter low-level sounding,turbulence diffusion within fog layers,aerosol spectra of size and composition,sampled fog water compositions,and sampled rainwater compositions.Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics,micro- and macro-structures and microphysics.It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences.Being typical advection and upslope fogs,they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes,which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes,especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts,and reflect on the role of local terrain as well.The heavy fogs are characteristic of long duration,extremely low visibility,well-organized lump- shaped structure,large-size fog-drops,moderate concentration,high LWC,and stronger turbulent diffusion within the fog layers than in fine sky.They differ much from radiation fogs,which are better documented in previous study in China.It is found that fog LWC is in significant anti-correlation with visibility so that large LWC is associated with small visual range.It is also noted that one of the reasons for the fluctuation of characteristic quantities of micro-structure such as the LWC of fog in the area is,in addition to the inhomogeneous structure of the fog itself,the effect of advection and inhomogeneous underlying surface; during the translation of fog with the ambient wind,irregular upslope and cross-over movement is another reason for the inhomogeneous structure and fluctuation of fog.The spectrum of the aerosol size displays itself as the power function of monotonous descent.The concentration of submicrometer particles is even higher.The high-concentration sulfate particles found in the aerosols of Nanling Mts.are actually good nuclei for condensation,which are favorable for the formation of fog.The presence of fog can help cleanse the trace compositions in the atmosphere so that fog droplets contain high levels of polluting elements.In the meantime,compared to cloud droplets,fog droplets are easier to be captured by the vertical surfaces of objects on the land surface,such as vegetation and buildings to constitute another kird of cleansing process. In vast stretches of forest like the Nanling Mts.,this kind of cleansing may be quite important.Studying the characteristic variation of fogs in the area realistically assists in setting up a forecast and warning system for local fogs and provides basic information for fog dispersal experiments.     

Variations of the Nutrients Loads to the Mainland U.K. Estuaries: Correlation with Catchment Areas, Urbanization and Coastal Eutrophication

The annual loads of nutrients (TO_xN equal to nitrate+nitrite; ammonium, phosphate, silicate) to all the estuaries on the mainland of the United Kingdom were estimated from data on water flow through gauging stations at the tidal limits of estuaries, and from concentration measurements under the Harmonised Monitoring Scheme of nutrient concentrations in water samples from these stations. The annual loads of nutrients showed distinct regional variations, with estuaries along the west coast of Wales and northern Scotland having much smaller loads than those along the east coast of England. The largest nitrogen loads were of TO_xN, and ammonium loads were usually small in comparison. The Severn, Mersey, Humber and Thames had the highest loads, although these were small in relation to the larger continental European estuaries. Loads of TO_xN per unit of catchment area were surprisingly constant (about 10⁵ moles N km⁻² y⁻¹). The nutrient loads showed that most U.K. catchments were influenced by human activity, the majority being in the ‘ moderately influenced ’ category. Nutrient loads were also normalized for the area of each estuary, as a measure of the relative influence of nutrients on the receiving estuaries. The ratios of N:P, N:Si and P:Si in the annual loads suggested that most estuaries were likely to be, if anything, P limited rather than N or Si limited. However, crude annual loads may conceal significant seasonal variations.The spring maximum chlorophylla concentrations in coastal waters adjacent to each estuary were significantly correlated with the log total annual loads of TO_xN, ammonium and phosphate (but not silicate) for each estuary, providing a direct link between a measure of the degree of biological response in coastal waters and the nutrient load through the estuaries. There were no significant correlations between spring maximum chlorophyll a concentrations and either catchment-normalized or estuary-normalized nutrient loads. There was significant correlation between catchment area-normalized loads of phosphate and an urbanization index for the catchments, but not with the catchment area-normalized loads of the other nutrients.