南海及邻近海域异常海温影响局域大气环流的初步试验

南海及邻近海域表层海温（SST）异常的气候意义可以通过IAP－AGCM的数值模拟得到反映。数值试验表明，东亚大气环流对这种SST异常的响应具有时变性（或称季节性），在空间上维持一定的经向结构和纬向结构。确切地说，南海冷水年份，即南海和孟加拉湾负距平、西太平洋正距平的年份，2，3月份南海有东北风异常；夏季菲律宾附近维持一个反气旋式的差值环流，它的低频活动造成了这个地区九水场的低频振荡；与环流较一致的是夏季西太平洋副热带高压活动有所减弱、东移，造成了水汽经向输送的异常分布。     

大连市海洋资源与功能区划

为了科学合理的开发利用海洋资源，控制和引导海域使用方向，保护海洋环境，促进海洋资源和区域经济持续发展，为海洋综合管理提供服务，在全面调查大连市海域自然环境、自然资源、开发现状及存在问题和综合分析区域经济发展需求的基础上，确定了大连市海域及其毗邻陆域海洋功能区，并对贯彻实施海洋功能区提出了相关措施和建议。     

川东石炭系地层—构造复合圈闭控制因素及有利区研究

根据川东石炭系实钻资料,结合前人资料对石炭系地层—构造复合圈闭进行了分类和总结;在此基础上,对川东石炭系地层—构造复合圈闭的控制因素进行了研究。研究表明沉积相是地层—构造复合圈闭的次要控制因素,而古岩溶、古构造是其主要控制因素;在此过程中,根据黄龙纽残余厚度分布状况提供的岩溶剥蚀强度信息、经压实恢复上覆梁山组碳质泥岩等厚度图反映的黄龙组顶面侵蚀地形变化印模及由岩溶相组合特征所显示的古水文条件,恢复了川东地区黄龙组古岩溶地貌。在分析古岩溶地貌单元古水文状况、溶蚀方式和强度、古构造及古岩溶厚度的基础上,对川东内古岩溶进行了区块划分。最后综合了各种资料,对川东石炭系地层—构造复合圈闭有利区带进行了预测。     

金属稳定同位素示踪关键金属的运移和超常富集

关键金属矿产对于国家经济和安全意义重大,然而其富集机制仍然存在争议,即受控于岩浆的结晶分异作用还是热液流体作用。传统的地球化学手段只能间接制约成矿物质的来源,难以区分分离结晶和岩浆热液作用对成矿的影响,而Rb、Ba、Sr、U等流体活动金属的同位素体系则对这两种机制具有不同的响应。笔者分别对喜马拉雅和华南地区的富关键金属花岗岩进行了Rb和Ba同位素研究,结果表明,当矿物结晶时,残留熔体中Ba同位素变重,Rb同位素不变;而当岩浆热液作用时,花岗岩中Ba同位素变轻,Rb同位素变重。此外,深部岩浆出溶的热液流体对亲流体易迁移的关键金属元素的富集具有重要贡献。上述研究表明,金属稳定同位素(尤其是流体活动金属的同位素)对于示踪岩浆- 热液作用和成矿流体来源具有非常好的效果。     

Adaptive evolution of the rural human–environment system in farming and pastoral areas of northern China from 1952–2017

The theory on the cyclic adaptation between society and ecosystems sheds new light on the evolution and internal structure of human–environment systems. This paper introduces the risk index(RI) and adaptation capacity index(ACI) to evaluate the rural human–environment system. An evaluation index system for the adaptability of rural human–environment systems is configured in the context of climate change and policy implementation. On this basis, the stages, features, dominant control factors, and evolution mechanism were examined vis-à-vis the adaptability of the rural human–environment system in Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner from 1952 to 2017. The main results are as follows:(1) The evolution of the rural human–environment system can be divided into three stages, namely, the reorganization and rapid development stage(1952–2002) with population, cultivated land, livestock and degraded grassland increasing by 260%, 13%, 134% and 16.33%, respectively. The rapid to stable development stage(2003–2010) with population increasing by 2.8%; cultivated land, livestock and degraded grassland decreasing by 2.3%, 13.6% and 10.7%, respectively. The stable to release stage(2011–2017) with population, cultivated land, livestock and degraded grassland decreasing by 2.6%, 0.2%, 10.6% and 3.8%, respectively.(2) With the passage of time, the ACI of the rural human–environment system first increased slightly(–0.016–0.031), followed by a slight decline(0.031–0.003), and culminating in a rapid increase(0.003–0.088). In terms of spatial patterns, adaptability is high in the middle, moderate in the north, and low in the south.(3) The evolution of adaptability in the rural human–environment system was mainly controlled by the per capita effective irrigation area(22.31%) and the per capita number of livestock(23.47%) from 1990 to 2000, the desertified area(25.06%) and the land use intensity(21.27%) from 2000 to 2005, and the per capita income of farmers and herdsmen(20.08%) and the per capita number of livestock(18.52%) from 2010 to 2007.(4) Under the effects of climate change and policy interventions, the cyclic adaptation of the rural human–environment system was propelled by the interactions between two kinds of subjects: farmers and herdsmen on the one hand and rural communities on the other hand. The interaction affects the adaptive behavior of the two kinds of subjects, which in turn drives the cyclic evolution of the system. As a result, the system structure and functions developed alternatively between coordinated and uncoordinated states. Small-scale adaptive behaviors of farmers and herdsmen have a profound impact on the evolution of the rural human–environment system.     

用能量法计算轴系横向振动的临界转速

对作横向振动的转轴用能量法分为连续和离散两种模型,计算其一阶临界转速,同时将此法应用于一个实例,并进行了误差分析。     

Non‐uniqueness of critical state line in compression and extension conditions

Experimental evidence has indicated that the critical state line determined from undrained compression tests is not identical to that determined from undrained extension tests. The purpose of this paper is to investigate a modelling method that accounts for the non‐uniqueness of critical state lines in the compression and the extension testing conditions. Conventional elastic–plastic cap models can predict only a unique critical state line for the compression and the extension tests. A new micromechanical stress–strain model is developed considering explicitly the location of critical state line. The model is then used to simulate undrained triaxial compression and extension tests performed on isotropically consolidated samples with different over‐consolidated ratios. The predictions are compared with experimental results as well as that predicted by models with kinematic hardening of yield surface. All simulations demonstrate that the proposed micromechanical approach is capable of modelling the undrained compression and the undrained extension tests. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bank‐toe processes in incised channels: the role of apparent cohesion in the entrainment of failed bank materials

Numerous processes may instigate bank retreat and the consequent collection of failed cohesive materials at the bank toe. Cohesion between the failed material and the substrate can provide additional strength to resist direct fluvial entrainment. Failed, cohesive material can act as a form of natural bank‐toe protection by consuming and diverting flow energy that may otherwise be used to further scour the basal zone of incising channels. Investigations in Goodwin Creek, Mississippi, have revealed the existence of apparent cohesion between failed, cohesive blocks and their underlying surface. The method used to assess this cohesion involved a pulley system mounted on a tripod and supporting a load cell. Mean and maximum apparent‐cohesion values of 1·08 kPa and 2·65 kPa, respectively, were measured in this way, identifying a source that bonds blocks to the underlying surface. Cohesion values and types vary spatially and temporally. Tensiometric tests beneath blocks suggest that cohesion resulting from matric suction alone may be as much as 3·5 kPa in summer and 1·8 kPa in winter. Apparent cohesion is believed to have been sufficient to help prevent removal of the largest blocks by a peak flow of 66·4m³/s on 23 September 1997. Maximum excess shear stress required to entrain a D₇₅ block can be augmented by as much as 97% by the presence of apparent cohesion at the block–substrate interface when compared with a condition with zero apparent cohesion at the block underside. Given these findings, it is no longer sufficient to estimate block entrainment in the basal area from block size or bed roughness alone, as in a Shields‐type approach. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抓住西部开发机遇确保广西地勘经济可持续发展

中央实施西部大开发战略,为西部经济发展带来了一次千载难逢的机遇。作为调整和发展中的广西地勘局,必须抓住这一历史机遇,实现地勘经济的可持续发展。     

边坡临界高度卡尔曼公式之工程应用

对边坡临界高度这一工程地质和岩土工程问题,古典的卡尔曼分析法至今仍有生命力和应用价值。全面归纳了确定一般边坡、直立边坡和具张裂隙边坡的临界高度的卡尔曼公式,并提出了应用这些公式的方法和条件,以工程滑坡、路堑边坡、挡墙基坑和天然危岩为例示范了公式的工程应用。