中国城乡转型的时空格局及其优化决策

城乡转型是一个多领域、多层次的综合过程。科学认知城乡转型的概念内涵,系统探讨城乡转型的格局、过程和机理,对于解决新时代突出的城乡发展不平衡、乡村发展不充分问题具有重要意义。在城乡转型理论认知的基础上,论文综合解析了中国省域城乡发展水平及其时空格局,并基于城乡发展水平耦合协调度剖析了城乡转型的格局,探讨了不同类型城乡转型区城乡融合发展的关键及其对策。结果表明：① 城乡转型是城市地域系统演化与乡村地域系统演化交互作用的结果,其外在表征是这2个过程耦合协调的状态;② 2000—2018年,各省城市和乡村发展水平快速上升,城乡发展水平耦合协调度实现了由濒临失调向中级协调的转变,但中西部地区的耦合协调度显著低于东北地区和东部沿海地区;③ 2000—2018年,全国城乡转型整体上实现了由低水平城乡统筹向中等水平城乡融合的转变,在空间上呈现出中西部地区城乡转型滞后于东部沿海地区的特征;④ 全国城乡发展可划分为高水平城乡融合区、中等水平城乡融合区、低水平城乡融合Ⅰ区和低水平城乡融合Ⅱ区4种类型,各类型区城乡转型的关键在于通过深化改革、创新机制、补齐短板等措施建立健全城乡融合发展的体制机制,不断推进新型城镇化发展和乡村振兴战略落实。     

Climate change and multi-dimensional sustainable urbanization

Global large-scale urbanization and climate change have become indisputable scientific facts yet are unresolved issues, and are a common concern for mankind. The relationship between these two topics is unclear and it is not known how to deal appropriately at the scientific level with climate change in the process of urbanization. Further exploration of the science, management and practice, are needed to achieve global and regional sustainadevelopment. This paper first considers the basic facts concerning mass urbanization and climate change and summarizes the interactions and possible mechanisms of urbanization and climate change. Urbanization leads to the heat island effect, an uneven distribution of precipitation and extreme weather, together with a local-regional-global multi-scale superposition effect, which aggravates the consequences of global climate change. The impact of climate change on urbanization is mainly manifested in aspects such as changes of energy consumption, mortality, and the spread of infectious diseases, sea level rise, extreme weather damage to infrastructure, and water shortages. This paper also briefly reviews relevant international research programs and action coalitions and puts forward an analysis framework multi-dimensional sustainable urbanization which can adapt to and mitigate climate change, from the perspective of the four key dimensions—population, land use, economy, and society. It is imperative that we strengthen the interdisciplinary activities involving the natural and social sciences, take urbanization and other human activities into consideration of the land-atmosphere system, and explore the human-land-atmosphere coupling process. The adaptation and mitigation from the perspective of human activities, as represented by urbanization, might be the most critical and realistic way to deal with climate change.     

Identification and alleviation pathways of multidimensional poverty and relative poverty in counties of China

To realize efficient and sustainable poverty alleviation,this study firstly investigated the identification of multidimensional poverty and relative poverty,and then explored relevant poverty alleviation pathways.Poverty levels in 31 provinces including the autonomous re-gions and municipalities of China were identified at the county level using the average nighttime light index (ANLI),county multidimensional development index (CMDI),and a method combining multidimensional poverty index and relative poverty standards.Poverty alleviation pathways for poverty-stricken counties were explored from the aspects of industry,education,tourism and agriculture.The results revealed that nearly 60％ of counties in China were primarily under relative poverty,most of which were corresponded to light relative pov-erty.In terms of ANLI and CMDI,63％ and 79％ of the national poverty-stricken counties,as of 2018,could be identified,suggesting that CMDI had a higher performance for identifying poverty at the county level.In terms of poverty alleviation pathways,414,172,442,and 298 poverty-stricken counties were receptive to industry poverty alleviation,education poverty alleviation,tourism poverty alleviation,and agriculture poverty alleviation,and 61％ of coun-ties had more poverty-causing factors,implying that multidimensional poverty alleviation is suitable in most of the counties.     

利用数学软件对Mindlin解的积分及工程应用

探索了利用数学软件Mathematica对经典课题Mindlin解进行二次积分的方法,并以矩形均布荷载为例,分析讨论了Boussinesq解和Mindlin解在地基土体中引起的应力场分布的差异,从而为工程分析采用比较合理的方法打下了基础。     

考虑不同基础埋深的沉降计算统一公式

通过对不同作用深度、不同长宽比矩形面积均布荷载角点下应力系数Mindlin解与Boussinesq解的分析比较,建立了二者之间的统计关系,利用“归一化函数”,引入“沉降计算深度修正系数”,并通过对北京地区数十个工程沉降实测值进行反分析得到“沉降计算经验系数”,提出了对不同埋深的天然地基与桩基都适用的“统一沉降计算公式”。     

硅胶／壳聚糖吸附材料的制备及表征

利用γ-氨基丙基-三乙氧基硅烷偶联剂与活化硅胶表面的羟基反应,制备了硅烷化硅胶,所得产物与壳聚糖反应合成了硅胶／壳聚糖复合吸附材料。通过红外光谱分析（IR）,扫描电镜（SEM）及能谱分析对复合材料进行表征,并测试了硅胶／壳聚糖复合材料对Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋的吸附能力。结果表明：复合吸附材料对Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋具有很好的吸附能力,最大吸附率为96．01％及90．65％。     

基于GIS的烟草精准施肥配方系统研究

提出了基于G IS的烟草精准施肥配方系统框架与实现方法,分析阐述了各个功能模块。建立了平顶山烟区生态环境空间数据库、精准施肥配方模型,并通过实验和专家经验建立了模型参数以及参数修正的专家模型。详细阐述了气象与土壤样点数据的处理和施肥模型中参数确定两个关键技术。系统在平顶山烟区指导烟草生产中取得了良好的效果。     

中国区域创新能力与经济发展水平的耦合协调分析

采用协整检验和耦合协调模型方法,分析不同尺度区域创新能力与经济发展水平耦合协调状况的时空演化及差异规律。结果表明：① 中国区域创新能力与经济发展水平具有长期稳定而短期跳跃性,区域创新并不必然带来经济发展。② 2005~2014年间,两者动态的耦合协调程度具有尺度敏感性且在地级尺度上偏低,但正逐步改善,区域差异随尺度的缩小而增大。③ 耦合协调高值区在省级层面分布在北京、上海、广东等沿海省份,地级层面分布除沿海城市外,还有内陆省会城市及其周边城市,分布由分散逐渐集聚,宏观上已经形成“沿海-腹地”型大创新-经济合作区。     

苏南太湖流域污染企业集聚与水环境污染空间耦合关系

以苏南太湖流域为例,利用核密度分析法对分行业污染密集型制造业的空间集聚及与水环境污染之间的空间耦合关系进行研究,结果显示：① 污染密集型企业主要集中在无锡市的惠山区、江阴市的东部、常州市与武进区相邻部分区域、昆山市等地区,常州市整体上污染密集型企业分布较少;② 将制造业集聚与水环境污染空间耦合关系分为高集聚-高污染、低集聚-高污染、低集聚-低污染、高集聚-低污染4种类型,4种类型区面积分别为781.25、2 993.75、12 187.50、1 187.50 km²,分别占研究区总面积的4.56%,17.46%,71.06%,6.92%,两者间正向耦合效应明显,说明制造业在空间上的集聚是造成水环境污染的重要原因之一。