不同渗透水压下完整泥页岩剪切−渗流特性研究

为了探索高压水力浸润带和消落带岩体在压剪荷载与流体入渗双因素耦合作用下剪切渗流特性的衍化规律,利用自主研发的一套新型岩石剪切−渗流耦合试验系统,对饱水泥页岩进行了常法向荷载条件下不同渗透水压的剪切−渗流耦合试验和剪切蠕变−渗流耦合试验。试验结果表明：（1）随着渗透水压力的增加,饱水泥页岩剪切强度峰值、法向变形峰值以及剪切蠕变破坏强度均有所下降,说明渗透水压力对岩样力学强度具有损伤效果。（2）在剪切−渗流耦合试验过程中,岩样剪应力与法向变形在线弹性变化的末期会出现明显的上下波动现象,并伴有水流流出,剪应力和法向变形的突变点在时间上具有一致性。（3）在剪切蠕变−渗流耦合试验过程中,水流渗出速率与渗透水压力大小呈正相关,随着剪切荷载施加等级的提高,岩样蠕变变形量增大,单位时间内累计渗出水量亦有所提升。     

A coupled 3‐dimensional bonded discrete element and lattice Boltzmann method for fluid‐solid coupling in cohesive geomaterials

This paper presents a 3D bonded discrete element and lattice Boltzmann method for resolving the fluid‐solid interaction involving complicated fluid‐particle coupling in geomaterials. In the coupled technique, the solid material is treated as an assembly of bonded and/or granular particles. A bond model accounting for strain softening in normal contact is incorporated into the discrete element method to simulate the mechanical behaviour of geomaterials, whilst the fluid flow is solved by the lattice Boltzmann method based on kinetic theory and statistical mechanics. To provide a bridge between theory and application, a 3D algorithm of immersed moving boundary scheme was proposed for resolving fluid‐particle interaction. To demonstrate the applicability and accuracy of this coupled method, a benchmark called quicksand, in which particles become fluidised under the driving of upward fluid flow, is first carried out. The critical hydraulic gradient obtained from the numerical results matches the theoretical value. Then, numerical investigation of the performance of granular filters generated according to the well‐acknowledged design criteria is given. It is found that the proposed 3D technique is promising, and the instantaneous migration of the protected soils can be readily observed. Numerical results prove that the filters which comply with the design criteria can effectively alleviate or eliminate the appearance of particle erosion in dams.     

Potash–Forming Regularity of the Ordovician Marine Northern Shaanxi Salt Basin: Insight from Review and Prospect of the Deep Geology of the Ordos Basin

The Ordovician Northern Shaanxi Salt Basin(ONSSB), located in the east–central Ordos Basin, western North China Craton(NCC), is one of the largest marine salt basins yet discovered in China. A huge amount of halite deposited in the Mid-Ordovician Majiagou Formation, and potashcontaining indication and local thin layer of potash seam were discovered in O2 m65(6 th submember, 5 th member of the Majiagou Formation). This makes ONSSB a rare Ordovician potash-containing basin in the world, and brings new hope for prospecting marine solid potash in this basin. However, several primary scientific problems, such as the coupling relationship between ONSSB and the continent nucleus, how the high-precision basement fold controls the ONSSB, and how the basement faults and relief control ONSSB, are still unclear due to the limitations of the knowledge about the basement of the Ordos Basin. This has become a barrier for understanding the potash-forming regularity in the continental nucleus(CN) area in marine salt basin in China. Up to now, the material accumulation has provided ripe conditions for the answers to these questions. Latest zircon U-Pb ages for the basement samples beneath the Ordos Basin reveal that there exists a continental nucleus(Yi-Meng CN) beneath the northern Ordos Basin. And this brings light into the fact that the ONSSB lies not overlying on the YiMeng CN but to south Yi-Meng CN. Both do not have superimposed relationship in space. And borehole penetrating into the basement reached Palaeoproterozoic meta-sedimentary rocks, which suggests the ONSSB is situated in the accretion belt of Yi-Meng CN during geological history. Basement relief beneath the ONSSB area revealed by seismic tomography and aeromagnetic anomaly confirms the existence of basement uplift and faults, which provides tectonic setting for sedimentary center migration of the ONSSB. Comparative research with various data sources indicates that the expanding strata in the ONSSB adopted the shape of the basement folds. We found that the orientations of the potash sags showed high correlation with those of several basement and sedimentary cover faults in the ONSSB. The secondary depressions are also controlled by the faults. Comparative research between all the global salt basins and continental nuclei distribution suggests that distribution of the former is controlled by the latter, and almost all the salt basins developed in or at the margin of the continental nucleus area. The nature of the tectonic basement exerts a key controlling effect on potash basin formation. And on this basis we analyzed in detail the geological conditions of salt-forming and potash-forming in the ONSSB.     

典型喀斯特城市水资源与社会经济发展耦合度评价——以贵阳市为例

运用系统科学和可持续发展理论,结合喀斯特发育典型的贵阳市区域特征,构建评价指标体系及水资源与社会经济发展耦合模型,运用模糊集对模型计算水资源系统和社会经济系统综合指数。结果表明:2002—2010年贵阳市水资源系统综合发展程度相对较低,与社会经济系统发展水平差距较大,水资源与社会经济发展耦合度分别为0.5、0.49、0.42、0.46、0.42、0.34、0.41、0.48,整体处于颉颃阶段。今后应对城市河段和部分工矿企业比较发达的区域实行高污染企业转移或疏散,降低高耗水、高污染排放产业比重,提高水资源利用效率;提高市民节水意识,推广节水型小区建设;加大对石漠化治理力度,提高植被覆盖率,提高生态蓄水能力;加大水利工程、集雨工程建设力度,提高客水资源利用率,调整国民经济布局,使之与水资源时空分布相匹配等,以提高水资源与社会经济发展的协调能力,促进整个贵阳市的可持续发展。      

“一带一路”倡议背景下甘肃省城市化效率与经济发展水平时空耦合关系研究

"一带一路"倡议提出与建设为中国西部地区发展带来重大机遇。甘肃是"一带一路"倡议的重要区域。本文利用DEA模型、熵权法对甘肃省14个地州市2004年、2008年、2012年和2016年四个节点时间的城市化效率、经济发展水平进行了度量。并利用耦合度模型对两者之间的耦合协调度进行了时空分析,研究结果表明,甘肃省城市化效率在2004-2016年间处于波动中提升状态,且总体效率较低,甘肃省城市化效率值（0.441）远低于全国平均值（0.740）;2004-2016年甘肃省经济发展水平稳中有升,但与全国比较劣势明显,且省域内部经济发展差距显著;研究期内,甘肃省城市化效率与经济发展耦合协调度均处于波动上升状态,耦合度由中强度发展为高强度耦合,协调度由濒临失调发展为勉强协调。省内14个地区,嘉峪关、兰州、金昌和酒泉在四年间始终处于高水平耦合与协调状态,张掖、白银等余下十个地区的耦合协调度也由中低水平发展为中高水平,说明各地区城市化效率与经济发展水平的耦合协调度相对较好。     

应力比影响下的破裂角、闭锁角、摩擦系数及其耦合关系

裂纹扩展和摩擦系数分属两个学科而鲜有联系,摩擦系数理论较少,主要依赖实验获得。在Griffith椭圆形裂纹基础上讨论摩擦面状裂纹力学模型,计算了单轴、三轴压应力情况下微裂纹扩展的期望方向及应力集中,那些方向偏离宏观破裂方向较大角度的裂纹因闭锁而无法延伸,应力比 越大,可扩展的微裂纹越向宏观裂纹面方向集中,随着围压 的增加,闭锁范围增大,实现了裂纹张性向剪性的转变。摩擦系数、方向集中度、应力比呈耦合关系,一方面,摩擦系数越大越利于微裂纹方向集中;另一方面微裂纹的方向集中导致了宏观裂纹面（裂缝）上凸起角度降低,进而减小摩擦系数。围压和裂纹扩展期的应力状况是影响摩擦系数的重要因素, 往往成为裂纹扩展的应力条件,凸起斜面摩擦系数越大,临界应力比越小。裂纹粗糙度(或分维数)对形成期的应力状况具有一定记忆功能。     

岷江双线特大桥高边坡稳定性研究

成兰铁路岷江双线特大桥高边坡位于岷江地震带,该区域属于高烈度地震强震频发区,降雨量大且集中,不良地质分布广,在复杂环境因素的影响下,极其容易引起边坡滑坡。在研究现场工程地质情况的基础上,利用FLAC3D有限差分软件,建立三维边坡模型,进行天然、降雨、地震及降雨-地震耦合工况下的稳定性分析。研究结果表明,天然工况下安全系数为1.318,边坡处于稳定状态;降雨工况下,随降雨量的增加,雨水入渗和加载作用增强,位移高值区逐步扩大并逐渐向坡脚延伸,25 mm/d、35 mm/d及45 mm/d降雨条件下的安全系数分别为1.001、0.932、0.912;地震工况下边坡不稳定,坡腰中上部位移与加速度最大,为易滑坡区域;降雨-地震耦合工况下,坡腰中上部极其不稳定,且随降雨量增加,滑体位移及加速度均增大。     

深埋洞室开挖瞬态卸荷诱发振动的衰减规律

深埋洞室爆破开挖过程中围岩初始地应力的瞬态卸荷会诱发振动。针对圆形隧洞开挖,分析了地应力瞬态卸荷过程中围岩应变能、动能、径向应力做功3者之间的平衡机制,并采用量纲分析,建立了基于开挖岩体应变能的瞬态卸荷诱发振动衰减公式。结合锦屏二级引水隧洞和瀑布沟地下主厂房爆破开挖实例,开展了瞬态卸荷诱发振动的识别分离,并分析了诱发振动的衰减规律。研究表明：地应力瞬态卸荷诱发振动的峰值与被开挖岩体应变能密度的二次方根成正比,且开挖卸荷体积越大,诱发振动越强烈;与Lu-Hustrulid衰减公式相比,新衰减公式应用范围更广,使用精度更高。     

基于路基土蠕变效应的路基预应力损失模型研究

新型预应力路基技术可用于整治路基病害或强化既有线路基,研究其预应力损失规律对保障预应力路基工程的长期安全具有重要意义。基于弹性理论提出了预应力路基侧压力板与路基边坡接触面中心点后方水平路径上附加应力的计算方法,分析表明该特征路径上水平附加应力随距板−土接触面中心点距离的增加呈现良好的指数函数衰减关系。基于水平附加应力的指数函数扩散规律及路基土的蠕变行为,推导了路基土的蠕变变形计算公式。进一步基于蠕变变形与预应力钢筋回缩变形的协调性,建立了路基预应力的损失模型和计算方法,并结合FLAC3D数值仿真开展了对比分析。研究表明：钢筋预拉力损失的理论预测曲线与数值仿真曲线吻合良好,二者偏差不足5%,论证了路基预应力损失模型的有效性;钢筋预拉力可在锚固后的60 d内达到稳定,且预拉力的稳定值可达其初始值的85%～90%,说明新型预应力路基技术可为路基土提供相当可观的稳定附加围压,从而通过改善路基土的应力状态达到强化路基的目的。     

大理岩弹性参数的围压效应与弹塑性耦合模型

以锦屏二级水电站 和 深埋大理岩循环加、卸载试验结果为基础,对不同围压下大理岩弹性参数的演化规律进行研究,得出其弹性模量随围压和内变量的变化显著,而泊松比随围压则变化不明显。基于试验结果确定了锦屏大理岩弹性模量与围压和内变量的定量关系,建立了考虑弹性参数围压效应的大理岩弹塑性耦合模型,并在有限差分软件FLAC3D中进行了数值实现,用于模拟分析大理岩室内三轴压缩试验结果,并将模拟结果与不考虑弹性参数围压效应的计算结果进行对比,结果表明：考虑大理岩弹性参数围压效应的数值模拟与试验结果更吻合。研究方法和结果对于提高深部工程围岩（特别是具有小变形破坏特性的硬脆性围岩）变形计算的准确性具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。