Dynamic responses of a poroelastic half‐space from moving trains caused by vertical track irregularities

The vibrations of railway tracks on a poroelastic half‐space generated by moving trains are investigated through a vehicle–track–ground coupling model. The theoretical model incorporates a vehicle, a track, and a fully saturated poroelastic half‐space soil medium. The source of vibration excitation is divided into two components: the quasi‐static loads and the dynamic loads. The quasi‐static loads are related to the static component of the axle loads, whereas the dynamic loads are due to the dynamic wheel–rail interaction. A linear Hertizian contact spring is introduced between each wheelset and the rail to consider the dynamic loads. Biot's dynamic theory is used to characterize the poroelastic half‐space soil medium. Using the Fourier transform, the governing equations for the track–ground system are solved and the numerical results are presented for a single axle vehicle model. The different dynamic characteristics of the elastic soil medium and the saturated poroelastic medium are investigated. In addition, the different roles of the moving axle loads and the roughness‐induced dynamic loads are identified. It is concluded that the vibration level of the free field off the track predicted by the poroelastic soil medium is smaller than that predicted by the elastic soil medium for vehicle speed below the Rayleigh wave speed of the poroelastic half‐space, whereas it is larger for vehicle speed above the Rayleigh wave speed. The dynamic loads play an important role in the dynamic responses of the track–ground system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Systematic assessment of irregular building–soil interaction using efficient modal analysis

In this paper an efficient methodology applying modal analysis is developed to assess systematically the combined soil–structure interaction and torsional coupling effects on asymmetric buildings. This method is implemented in the frequency domain to accurately incorporate the frequency‐dependent foundation impedance functions. For extensively extracting the soil–structure interaction effects, a diagonal transfer matrix in the modal space is derived. A comprehensive investigation of asymmetric building–soil interaction can then be conveniently conducted by examining various types of response quantities. Results of parametric study show that the increasing height‐to‐base ratio of a structure generally amplifies its translational and torsional responses. Moreover, both the translational and torsional responses are reduced for the case where the two resonant frequencies are well separated and this reduction is enhanced with the decreasing values of the relative soil stiffness and the height‐to‐base ratio. The most noteworthy phenomenon may be the fact that the SSI effects can enlarge the translational response if the structure is slender and the two resonant frequencies are very close. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

从前陆盆地充填地层分析盆山耦合关系

根据前陆盆地充填地层分析盆地和造山带的耦合关系，研究区域包括四川中生代前陆盆地和鄂尔多斯中生代前陆盆地。研究表明，前陆盆地和造山带具有较好的耦合关系。前陆盆地充填沉积物特征是造山带形成演化和盆地沉降的响应。向上变粗的沉积序列以及地层不整合盆地方向的迁移反映了造山带向前陆不断隆升的演化过程，前陆盆地沉积物的岩石学特征反映了双物源供给和造山带的剥蚀。层序地层的体系域构成和地层堆积方式主要受控于前陆盆地沉降速度的变化。     

Space–time distribution of interplate moment release including slow earthquakes and the seismo-geodetic coupling in the Sanriku-oki region along the Japan trench

Along the Japan trench where some Mw8 class interplate earthquakes occurred in the past century such as the 1896 Sanriku tsunami earthquake (M6.8, Mt8.6, 12×10²⁰ N m) and the 1968 Tokachi-oki earthquake (Mw8.2, 28×10²⁰ N m), the Pacific plate is subducting under northeast Japan at a rate of around 8 cm/year. The seismic coupling coefficient in this region has been estimated to be 20–40%. In the past decade, three ultra-slow earthquakes have occurred in the Sanriku-oki region (39°N–42°N): the 1989 Sanriku-oki (Mw7.4), the 1992 Sanriku-oki (Mw6.9), and the 1994 Sanriku-oki (Mw7.7) earthquakes. Integrating their interplate moments released both seismically and aseismically, we have the following conclusions. (1) The sum of the seismic moments of the three ultra-slow earthquakes was (4.8–6.6)×10²⁰ N m, which was 20–35% of the accumulated moment (18.6–23.0)×10²⁰ N m, in the region (39°N–40.6°N, 142°E–144°E) for the 21–26 years since the 1968 Mw8.2 Tokachi-oki earthquake. This is consistent with the previous estimates of the seismic coupling coefficient of 20–40%. On the other hand, the sum of the interplate moments including aseismic faulting is (11–16)×10²⁰ N m, leading to a “seismo-geodetic coupling coefficient” of 50–85%, which is an extension of the seismic coupling coefficient to include slow events. (2) The time constants showed a large range from 1 min (10² s) for the 1968 Tokachi-oki earthquake to 10–20 min (10³ s) for the 1896 Sanriku tsunami earthquake, to one day (10⁵ s) for the 1992 Sanriku-oki ultra-slow earthquake, to on the order of one year (10⁷ s) for the 1994 Sanriku-oki ultra-slow earthquakes. (3) Based on the space–time distribution, three “gaps of moment release,” (40.6°N–42°N, 142°E–144°E) 39°N–40°N, 142°E–143°E) and (39°N–40°N, 142°E–144°E), are identified, instead of the gaps of seismicity.     

Momentum transfer at the ocean–atmosphere interface: the wave basis for the inertial coupling approach

 The inertial coupling approach for the momentum transfer at the ocean–atmosphere interface, which is based on the assumption of a similarity hypothesis in which the ratio between the water and air reference velocities is equal to the square root of the ratio between the air and water densities, is reviewed using a wave model. In this model, the air and water reference velocities are identified, respectively, with the spectrally weighted phase velocity of the gravity waves and the Stokes velocity at the water roughness length, which are evaluated in terms of the dimensionless frequency limits in Toba's equilibrium spectrum. It is shown that the similarity hypothesis is approximately satisfied by the wave model over the range of wave ages encountered in typical sea states, and that the predicted values of the dimensionless surface drift velocity, the dimensionless water reference velocity, and the Charnock constant are in reasonable agreement with observational evidence. The application of the bulk relationship for the surface shear stress, derived from the inertial coupling hypothesis in general circulation modeling, is also discussed. Received: 6 January 2001 / Accepted: 28 June 2001     

地震活动性的层次模型及推导的地震活动经验公式和分维性质

文章从一个简单的地震活动层次模型出发，推导地震活动性中几个经验公式以及地震活动的时、空和震源大小分维性质。研究结果表明：（１）震级和频度关系式即Ｇｕｔｅｎｂｅｒｇ－Ｒｉｃｈｔｅｒ公式中的比例系数ｂ值等于震级和平均震中距关系式中的比例系数ｂ１的２倍，并且ｂ值也等于震级和平均时间间隔关系式中的比例系数ｂ２。（２）平均震中距分维值为２，平均时间间隔分维值为１，震源大小分布的分维值的２ｂ。     

流体包裹体的氧逸度计算公式及其应用

目前，某些研究者推出几种流体包裹体的氧逸度计算公式和相应的图表。由于这些图表精确度较低，在详细的研究和对比时不能应用。此外，对于导出的这些分步计算公式，因不能直接计算也造成了实际应用的不便。我们根据流体包裹体中含Ｏ２组分参加的化学反应，利用热力学原理，推导出只含Ｔ、ｐ和ｘ三种参数而直接计算氧逸度的公式。由化学分析包裹体中各组分的摩尔分数，再由其他方法获得包裹体形成温度和压力，代入公式可直接计算出形     

地震-重力联合反演中的非块状一致性模型

完善地震-重力联合反演的一个重要措施是建立一致性模型.本文按照地震测深的常用办法,采用二维四边形非块状模型,通过网格节点的密度值来刻划连续性或间断性的物性分布.四边形单元内部的密度分布为双线性函数,本文给出了重力异常的严谨解析式.计算中可采用模型分解技术,将四边形化为矩形与直角三角形的组合,简化程序设计.算法的实施有两种途径:独立单元法和整体模型法.在联合反演的数值模拟中,还推出了剪切模量μ模型以及纵波速度V_P,与密度ρ的分布关系.     

ON THE EFFECT OF AMBIENT TURBULENCE ON THE BUOYANT PLUME RISE

Considering the effects of both entrainment and intensification of the exchanges of momentum and heat between plume and ambient air,we have derived the trajectory equation of buoyant plume under neutral conditions,and the final rise prediction formula theoretically without any hypotheses on the rise termination.Compared with the field experiments,the final rise formula simulates the observed final rise heights well.