Modelling F2-layer seasonal trends and day-to-day variability driven by coupling with the lower atmosphere

This paper presents results from the TIME-GCM-CCM3 thermosphere–ionosphere–lower atmosphere flux-coupled model, and investigates how well the model simulates known F2-layer day/night and seasonal behaviour and patterns of day-to-day variability at seven ionosonde stations. Of the many possible contributors to F2-layer variability, the present work includes only the influence of ‘meteorological’ disturbances transmitted from lower levels in the atmosphere, solar and geomagnetic conditions being held at constant levels throughout a model year.In comparison to ionosonde data, TIME-GCM-CCM3 models the peak electron density (NmF2) quite well, except for overemphasizing the daytime summer/winter anomaly in both hemispheres and seriously underestimating night NmF2 in summer. The peak height hmF2 is satisfactorily modelled by day, except that the model does not reproduce its observed semiannual variation. Nighttime values of hmF2 are much too low, thus causing low model values of night NmF2. Comparison of the variations of NmF2 and the neutral [O/N₂] ratio supports the idea that both annual and semiannual variations of F2-layer electron density are largely caused by changes of neutral composition, which in turn are driven by the global thermospheric circulation.Finally, the paper describes and discusses the characteristics of the F2-layer response to the imposed ‘meteorological’ disturbances. The ionospheric response is evaluated as the standard deviations of five ionospheric parameters for each station within 11-day blocks of data. At any one station, the patterns of variability show some coherence between different parameters, such as peak electron density and the neutral atomic/molecular ratio. Coherence between stations is found only between the closest pairs, some 2500 km apart, which is presumably related to the scale size of the ‘meteorological’ disturbances. The F2-layer day-to-day variability appears to be related more to variations in winds than to variations of thermospheric composition.     

黄河上游流域蒸散量及其影响因子研究

利用彭曼公式计算了80年代以来黄河上游流域蒸散量,分析了该地区蒸散量、日照时数、气温、空气饱和差等气候因子的变化趋势,着重研究了诸因子对蒸散量的影响。研究发现,黄河上游流域蒸散量呈逐年增大趋势,并以每年3.25 mm的速度递增;而作为主要影响因子的日照时数则以每年3.6小时的速度增加;气温同样表现出逐年升高的趋势,其气候倾向率为0.4℃/10 a;空气饱和差也以每年0.02 hPa的速度递增。因此,可以认为,黄河上游流域日照时数、气温及饱和差的增加,加剧了草地蒸散量的增大,而蒸散量的增大和降水量的减少则直接影响到了黄河上游流量的减少和草地荒漠化的蔓延。     

Traffic accessibility and the coupling degree of ecosystem services supply and demand in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River urban agglomeration,China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The spatial relationships between traffic accessibility and supply and demand (S&D) of ecosystem services (ESs) are essential for the formulation of...     

新型抗滑结构围桩-土的耦合效应分析

在引入围桩-土耦合式抗滑结构的基础上建立数值分析模型;通过分析该抗滑结构中围桩-土的应力、应变分布规律,详细探讨围桩-土整个结构的耦合效应特征。进一步开展模型试验,测试并分析围桩前、后土压力和桩身弯矩分布特征,论证了围桩-土耦合式抗滑结构的作用机制。最后,分析了桩后距离、不同深度及不同土体强度参数对土拱效应的影响。得到：（1）围桩与桩内土体耦合呈现出4种应力拱形态：紧邻围桩后为扩肩型拱、围桩间双曲线型拱、围桩间凸向桩外的抛物线型拱、围桩间凸向桩内的抛物线型拱;（2）相邻围桩采用约4倍桩径间距、正六边形布置并顶部用圈梁固结、锚固一定深度可形成一种耦合式抗滑结构。该结论对于该新型抗滑结构的推广应用具有一定的指导意义。     

对流电场产生电离层扰动的典型事例

用欧空局ＥＩＳＣＡＴ极光区非相干散射雷达观测资料、南极中山站电离层垂测站和我国１２０°Ｅ电离层站链ｆ０Ｆ２资料，分析了１９９１年５月２～３日一次主要由磁层对流引起的电离层扰动过程。从形态特征上看，它与热层中性大气参与的动力耦合过程明显地不同。对照比较表明，这是一次典型的磁层－电离层电动耦合事例。全球地磁站网资料从另一侧面证实，本文讨论的耦合机制是正确的。     

基于等效Thomsen参数的P-SV波AVO属性研究

在等效Thomsen各向异性参数的P-SV波反射系数近似公式基础上研究了反射系数的多种AVO(振幅随炮检距变化)属性特征,针对不同的属性特征构建了多属性AVO交绘图;并利用反射系数公式对三类含气砂岩AVO的特征进行分析.结果表明P-SV波反射系数公式可以有效的区分第三类含气砂岩;岩石的孔隙度、流体饱和度等信息是影响地震波AVO的重要因素.利用Gassmann方程进行了对上层为HTI介质,下层为孔隙储层的介质模型进行了流体替换计算,分析了孔隙度、含气饱和度和各向异性参数变化对地层AVO的影响.     

Seismic design and response evaluation of unbonded post‐tensioned hybrid coupled wall structures

This paper presents an analytical investigation on the seismic design and response of coupled wall structures that use unbonded post‐tensioned steel coupling beams. Both monolithic cast‐in‐place reinforced concrete wall piers and precast concrete wall piers are considered. Steel top and seat angles are used at the coupling beam ends for energy dissipation. The seismic design of prototype structures to achieve target displacement‐based performance objectives is evaluated based on nonlinear static and dynamic time history analyses. Additional recommendations are provided on shear design. Comparisons with ‘conventional’ structures that use embedded steel coupling beams as well as isolated walls with no coupling are provided. The results indicate that while the peak lateral displacements of unbonded post‐tensioned coupled wall structures are larger than the peak displacements of structures with embedded beams, the residual displacements are significantly reduced as a result of the restoring effect of the post‐tensioning steel. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Polar Cap (PC) indices: Relations to solar wind parameters and global magnetic activity

The polar geomagnetic activity resulting from solar wind–magnetosphere interactions can be characterized the Polar Cap (PC) indices, PCN and PCS. PC index values are derived from polar magnetic variations calibrated on a statistical basis such that the index approximate values in units of mV/m of the interplanetary “geo-effective” (or “merging”) electric field (E_M) conveyed by the solar wind. The timing and amplitude relations of the PC index to solar wind plasma and magnetic field parameters are reported. The solar wind effects are parameterized in terms of the geo-effective electric field (E_M) and the dynamical pressure (P_DYN). The PC index has a delayed and damped response to E_M variations and display saturation-like effects for E_M values exceeding 10 mV/m. Steady or slowly varying levels of solar wind dynamical pressure have little or no impact on the PC index above the effects related to E_M for which the solar wind velocity is also a factor. Sharp increases in the dynamical pressure generate impulsive variations in the PC index comprising a initial negative impulse of 5–10 min duration followed by a positive impulse lasting 10–20 min. Typical amplitudes of both the negative and the positive impulses are 0.2–0.5 units. A sharp decrease in the pressure produces the inverse sequence of pulses in the PC index. Auroral substorm activity represented by the AL index level has a marked influence on the average PC/E_M level at the transition from very quiet (AL0 nT) to disturbed conditions while more or less disturbed conditions (AL<−100 nT) have no systematic effect on the average PC/E_M values. At distinct substorm events the PC/E_M ratio has a minimum (0.8) in the pre-onset phase at around 20 min before substorm onset. The average ratio gradually increases in the expansion phase to reach a maximum value (1.1) at around 40 min after substorm onset (or 20 min after the largest (negative) peak in AL). At substorm recovery during the next 2 h the PC/E_M ratio decreases. Finally, we report on the application of polar magnetic variations to model the disturbance storm time (Dst) index development during magnetic storms by using the PC index as a source function to quantify the energy input to the ring current representing accumulated storm energy and characterized by the Dst index.     

渗流诱发套损机制与数值计算

油田套损是石油工程中的一大技术难题,多年来困扰着各油田。大量的现场调查和理论分析表明,油田套损与油藏渗流场动态变化密切相关。无论是剪切套损、拉伸套损还是挤压套损,都是渗流引起应力场调整,最终导致套管受力损伤。基于油藏流固耦合理论,分析了油田渗流诱发套损的机制,建立了油藏渗流-应力耦合计算的数学模型,并介绍了利用流固耦合进行套损预测计算的算例,对于套损防控具有重要的理论指导意义。     

黄河下游标准化堤防纵向裂缝成因与防治

因放淤固堤导致河南、山东堤防多处出现纵向裂缝,严重影响了黄河下游标准化堤防工程建设的质量与进度。通过开展现场调研与室内试验,基于饱和-非饱和渗流-应力耦合及湿化变形理论,探讨黄河大堤纵向裂缝的形成原因,据此制定相应的预防与治理对策。研究表明,淤背施工过快是导致大堤开裂的根本原因,堤身湿化变形、淤区排水不畅、堤顶堆载、堤顶重载车辆作用等加剧了堤身裂缝的形成与扩展;控制淤背施工速率、加速淤区排水、避免堤顶堆载等是预防裂缝的有效措施;锥探灌浆、开挖回填等方法可用于治理裂缝。