黑龙江省非典型环境条件强迫下短时强对流天气特征研究

本文利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站加密观测资料、FY-2卫星云图、新一代天气雷达及NECP的1°×1°再分析资料对黑龙江省的2006-2014年冰雹和2008-2014年的强降水在非典型环境条件下表现出的局地要素特征以及卫星和雷达特征进行分析。分析结果显示：较大的对流有效位能、低层强暖空气为对流发生提供了热力不稳定;700hPa湿区配合冰雹500hPa干区和强降水低层弱水汽辐合使得对流具备了有利的水汽垂直分布条件;最终在地面局地辐合的触发下产生了对流;冰雹有较高的0℃层高度和较低的气压;冰雹和强降水有利的海拔高度分别在200-500m和100-200m。卫星云图和雷达上的表现往往比较孤立,移动较快,产生的时间和位置与两个小云块或小云块与大云团合并的时间及位置一致,低层水汽辐合明显时可能会伴有大的云团。雷达回波上冰雹云但很难探测到钩状回波等特征回波,强降水多为原地生消火或列车效应产生。     

雷达资料同化在局地强对流预报中的应用

采用ARPS模式的资料分析系统ADAS同化多普勒雷达径向速度和反射率因子资料,分析两者对初始场的改进作用,并应用于WRF中尺度模式中对2012年8月21日江西省一次局地强对流过程进行了模拟试验。分析结果表明:（1）ADAS同化系统能够利用雷达径向速度和反射率因子资料有效增加初始场中的中小尺度风场信息和云、水物质含量,并通过湿绝热或非绝热初始化对温度场、湿度场和风场进行调整,使初始场在动力和热力上达到平衡。（2）同化径向速度后对改善模式初始场的动力场有重要贡献,而对大气水凝物和降水的预报影响较小;同化反射率因子的主要作用是调整初始场中的水凝物场和热力场,有效缩短了模式的“ spin-up”时间,明显改进了定量降水预报;同时同化雷达径向速度和反射率因子后,初始场中快速调整出了中小尺度风场水平辐合、垂直运动以及合理的温、湿分布,对3小时内雨带形状、降水落区及定量降水的预报与实况更接近。（3）模拟试验表明,同时同化径向速度和反射率因子能成功模拟出本次对流单体风暴的中β尺度三维空间分布结构及其演变过程,中低层切变线的辐合抬升强迫作用是对流单体风暴组织、发展和维持的主要动力机制之一,对流凝结潜热加热在对流单体风暴的发生发展中发挥了重要作用。因此,雷达资料同化对提高临近数值天气预报的准确率以及对强对流天气系统的模拟能力具有重要意义。     

基于FY-3C/MWTS-II数据估计西北太平洋热带气旋强度

文章利用FY-3C新型微波温度计(MWTS-Ⅱ)数据估计发生在西北太平洋的热带气旋强度。首先对与热带气旋最强暖核位置相重合的通道5~8进行临边订正,取得了较好的效果,订正偏差均小于各通道的探测灵敏度;之后利用热带气旋微波亮温距平分布分析了热带气旋在对流层中、上层的增暖特征,发现热带气旋中心的增暖强度、形状特征与热带气旋的强度相关,强度较强的气旋中心增温较强,其暖核结构清楚而完整;最后利用通道6和通道7最强亮温距平中的最大值建立了热带气旋强度估计模型,独立样本检验的标准偏差为13.0 hPa,进行扫描角度修正后的标准偏差为12.0 hPa,引入纬度因子后的标准偏差为11.1 hPa,估计精度得到一定程度的改善。     

Mann-Whitney U非参数检验方法及其在冰心气候学研究中的应用

介绍了最强的非参数检验之一Mann－WhitneyU非参数检验方法及其在冰心气候学研究中的应用。由于冰心气候环境记录具有分辨率高、保真性好和所记录的气候环境信息量大等优声、,因此将该非参数检验方法用于冰心气候学,可以帮助我们进行一些极端事件的研究,并对厄尔尼诺年古里雅冰心中所记录的降水量及δ18O的变化进行检验。     

盛夏南海北部台风和热带低压登陆前、后的对比分析

盛夏南海北部台风与热带低压登陆前、后对比诊断分析表明，影响这两类热带低值系统发展的物理因子和过程为：涡度平流作用对二者在海上发展都不利；有利的大尺度环境流场造成的气旋性辐合、气压场作功以及积云对流活动造成的涡度、扰动动能、热量的积累是台风，低压发展的基本因子；台风发展以斜压转换过程明显，热带低压发展以正压转换过程为主。     

Structure of a pair of anticyclonic vortices in northern part of the South China Sea in autumn of 1994

A pair of remarkable meso-scale anticyclonic vortices, one formed closely to another, inthe northern part of the South China Sea during the period from the later August to early September of 1994 were documented by the in situ observation data. Their spatial structures were examined in detail from the horizontal and two nearly perpendicular/vertical angles of view. It was shown that the horizontal scales of these two vortices were around 100, 50 km, and their vertical scales were about 500, 1000 m, respectively. Two "warm core" structures associated with these two vortices were found in their horizontal and vertical analyses. The closer spacing of these two vortices (namely, 60 km), which was smaller than the Rossby radius of deformation, suggested that they might merge with each other during their next evolution stages and form into a larger vortex eventually.     

论海洋底铁锰结核（壳）核心物质的起源

本文论述了海洋底铁锰结核（壳）核心物质的起源。不仅剖析了铁锰结核（壳）核心物质的研究历史与现状，时空分布及其属性，而且揭示了铁锰结核（壳）核心物质的起源、演化、现今性状与内在的规律性联系；同时还建立了铁锰结核（壳）五元核心物质分类模式；并且提出了铁锰结核的积成、裂解、再生和再造等一系列观点，指出了在铁锰结核（壳）矿床学研究领域的理论和实际意义。     

In situ nitrite measurements using a compact spectrophotometric analysis system

Application of a portable spectrophotometric analysis system for measurement of nitrite in seawater is described in this work. The spectral analysis system (SEAS) used for observations of the primary nitrite maximum (PNM) has an operational depth of 500 m and is capable of fully autonomous data acquisition and analysis. The liquid core waveguides (LCWs) used as optical cells in SEAS allow for optical pathlengths as long as 5 m and provide subnanomolar detection limits for a variety of analytes. The 1-m waveguide used in the present study had an internal volume of 0.52 cm³ and provided NO₂⁻ measurement precisions and detection limits on the order of 1.2 and 2.5 nM. The time required for a complete in situ analysis, approximately 3–5 min, allows acquisition of detailed profiles on time scales commensurate with the duration of typical hydrocast operations. NO₂⁻ profiles in the Gulf of Mexico showed very sharp gradients over a 5–10-m depth range and a primary nitrite maximum between 100 and 130 m. A shoulder was often observed approximately 10 m below the primary maximum, with relatively slowly decreasing NO₂⁻ concentrations at increasing depth.     

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Wave Forces on A Partially-Perforated Caisson Breakwater with A Rock-Filled Core

1.IntroductionVertical breakwaters are widely used for harbor and coastline protection in coastal engineering.Recently,perforated breakwaters have been often used in practice as they can effectively reduce thewaveforces actingon,the wave reflectionfromand…     

A Numerical Model for Mixing Areas of Pollutant Discharging into Tidal Flows

- A combined numerical model for computing mixing areas of pollution vertical jet discharging into tidal flows has been developed. This numerical model is composed of a 2-D depth-averaged dynamic far-field numerical model and a 2-D vertical dynamic near-field numerical model. The former uses finite node method to compute velocity, and improved finite node method to compute pollutant concentration distribution; the latter is a k-e turbulence model, and uses SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations) method to compute velocity. At the same time, the former provides boundary conditions for the latter. This model can simulate both far- field pollutant concentration distribution and near-field vertical recirculation quickly and precisely. This model has been verified by measured data of pollutant F of the Dachang reach of the Changjing River and test data presented by Chen el al. (1992). On the basis of verification, the authors use a designed hydrograph to compute this mixing area for a cer