Evolution of fluid flow and heat distribution over geological time scales at the margin of unconfined and confined carbonate sequences - A numerical investigation based on the Buda Thermal Karst analogue

Hydrogeological processes acting at the margins of confined and unconfined thick carbonate sequences are particularly interesting due to a complex system evolution including partial uplift of fully confined carbonate systems and subsequent erosion of cover layers. We provide insights into this evolution by simulating coupled density-dependent fluid flow and heat transport based on the Buda Thermal Karst (BTK) system (Hungary) in a 2D vertical plane. Applying an equivalent porous medium (EPM) approach using the Heatflow-Smoker finite element model, scenario modelling of three evolutionary steps was carried out between the fully-confined carbonate stage through to partly and completely unconfined conditions over the western ridge. The numerical simulations were used to derive the main evolutionary characteristics of groundwater flow and heat transport patterns for the unconfined and confined parts of the hydrogeologic system. The initial fully-confined state led to the development of thermal convection cells due to the insulating role of the low-permeability confining layer, which facilitates buoyancy-driven flow by restricting the dissipation of heat. Over geological time, these cells were gradually overprinted by gravity-driven flow and thermal advection due to uplift of the west ridge. The limited thickness of the cover allowed sufficient water infiltration into the system, which led to increased cooling. Further uplifting led to a prevalence of gravity-driven groundwater flow. The results highlight the critical role of confining formations on flow patterns, and their effect on heat distribution and dissipation over geological time scales. The results have important implications for heat accumulation as well as for the development of a deep geothermal energy potential in confined carbonates.     

湛江湾柱状沉积物n-alkanes和PAHs组合分子特征及其环境指示作用

本文对湛江湾湾内、湾口和湾外柱状沉积物n-alkanes和PAHs的空间分布、成分谱特征和排放源进行调查分析。结果表明:(1)n-alkanes和PAHs的空间分布一致,浓度水平由高到低依次为:湾内、湾口、湾外,垂直变化不明显;(2)n-alkanes和PAHs的成分谱和L/H、CPI、Ant/(Ant+Phe)、Flu/(Flu+Pyr)、BaA/(BaA+Chry)、IP/(IP+BghiP)等特征参数比值以及主成分分析结果表明C₂₅～C₃₅高碳数n-alkanes的高等植物贡献具有绝对优势,C₁₄～C₂₄中低碳数的n-alkanes和PAHs则有共同的石油、化石燃料燃烧和生物质燃烧等人为源;(3)C₁₄～C₂₄中低碳n-alkanes与PAHs的源解析结果相同,其线性相关系数在0.67以上,表明两者具有较好的相关性,但两者之间的定量关系还需进一步的研究。本研究表明n-alkanes和PAHs对人为源的指示具有一致性,两者具有良好的相关性,能够较好地反映城市的社会经济状况,在进一步的研究中可以建立两者之间的定量关系并形成新的参数,提高人为源解析结果的准确性,深入反映人类活动对海洋环境的影响。     

京北云蒙山地区四合堂韧性逆冲型剪切带的变形特征及早期变形时限约束

云蒙山杂岩是华北克拉通内记载了晚中生代构造演化的重要构造单元之一。云蒙山地区区域构造格架主要由四合堂背斜推覆体、四合堂逆冲型韧性剪切带、云蒙山背形、河防口正断层及水峪伸展型韧性剪切带等组成。对于四合堂逆冲型剪切带的活动时限及其与水峪剪切带之间的关系,是长期争论的课题之一。在四合堂韧性剪切带中广泛发育有剪切演化各个阶段就位的花岗质岩脉。本文研究云蒙山四合堂地区剪切变形特征及广泛发育的岩脉与构造变形之间关系,将岩脉厘定为构造期前(剪切前)岩脉、同构造期(同剪切)岩脉和构造期后(剪切后)岩脉等6期。不同类型的同构造岩脉锆石U-Pb定年获得了岩脉结晶年龄为170~150Ma。从构造-岩浆关系分析角度考虑,本文认为四合堂剪切带韧性逆冲作用早期的活动始于约170Ma,并持续到约150Ma。     

固结钻井液对湘西北页岩气储层的护壁机理研究

文中提出了一种液态离子固结剂,该处理剂能够有效提高页岩气井井壁的力学强度。通过开展室内实验以及进行相关分析,初步了解了添加液态离子固结剂的钻井液的基本性能,并探究了该体系钻井液对炭质页岩膨胀的抑制性以及对炭质页岩力学强度的影响。发现钻井液滤失量随液态离子固结剂含量的增加先减小后增大;在各配方钻井液中的压制岩心膨胀率明显低于在清水中的,但液态离子固结剂含量增加使得钻井液中的压制岩心膨胀率越来越高;各钻井液处理的岩粉所制成的剪切试样抗剪强度高于经清水处理的,随着液态离子固结剂含量的增加,试样抗剪强度总体上先升高再下降,且试样单轴抗压强度增大。实验结果表明,在适宜的含量范围内,液态离子固结剂有助于增强钻井液维护井壁稳定的能力。     

地质岩心钻孔人工造斜方法实践

在岩心钻探施工过程中,钻遇岩（矿）心脱落需要补取岩心,或钻具脱落、埋钻和烧钻需要绕障时,人工造斜方法是解决问题的有效手段。钻孔较浅,造斜孔段刚好在变径后的位置,且上部孔壁稳定,易于扩孔和下套管,宜选用异径偏心楔人工造斜;钻孔较深,不能改变口径,造斜孔段岩层硬度较大,宜选用同径偏心楔人工造斜;钻孔较深,造斜孔段岩层硬度不大（如煤系地层中的煤层、泥岩等）,宜选用同径自然造斜。选用偏斜楔造斜时,偏斜楔长度、偏斜角大小和导斜槽直径的合理选择,偏斜楔下入钻孔过程中的正确操作;选用同径自然造斜,水泥浆灌注孔段位置确定、水泥浆凝固后达到一定的强度和造斜过程中合理的钻进参数,是造斜成功的关键。     

南极冰钻钻井液应用性试验研究

钻井液的性质及性能参数对于南极科学钻探有着重要的影响。钻井液除了必须要具备合适的粘度和密度,以满足冷却钻头、平衡孔壁压力、携带冰屑、清洁孔底的要求外,钻井液的性质如导电性、导热性及其腐蚀性对于保证钻具的正常工作、输送孔内信息也有着重要的影响。根据目前已经在南极使用的钻井液类型,分别对6种介质（国产硅油-3cst、KF96硅油-2cst、丁酸乙酯、丁酸丁酯、丁酸戊酯、丙酸丙酯）在不同温度下的电导率、导热系数和对密封件的腐蚀性进行了试验测试,选出了适合南极应用的钻井液类型及在钻具中使用的密封件材质,可供极地钻探选择钻井液类型及钻具设计提供重要的参考。     

金刚石工具在钢筋混凝土结构修复改造中的应用与研究现状

我国正处于钢筋混凝土结构应用与发展的大规模新建与修复改造并重阶段。为对钢混结构进行局部或整体的拆除与修复改造,传统机械破碎与爆破拆除方式存在施工效率低、安全隐患大和环境污染严重等问题,而利用金刚石工具对其进行静力切割拆除的施工方法在近年来得到迅速发展。目前,在钢混结构拆除与修复改造施工中应用最多的金刚石工具为金刚石薄壁钻头、金刚石锯片和金刚石绳锯。本文对上述3类金刚石工具在钢混结构修复改造施工中的应用现状、钻进与锯切机理、制造技术和施工工艺等研究现状进行了总结与分析,在此基础上指出了其可能的研究趋势与发展方向。研究成果可为金刚石工具在工民建和部分特殊领域的广泛应用提供技术参考。     

“羊D1”油气勘探井井控装置的连接设计

在地质勘探钻井中一般不需要进行井口压力控制。辽西金羊盆地“羊D1” 钻井采用地质勘探井的钻井工艺方法进行油气勘探,需要预备有井口压力控制措施。地质钻井设备和井控装置如何耦合是本文讨论的重点。以该井为例,介绍了用全液压岩心钻机全孔金刚石绳索取心钻进工艺施工油气勘探井的施工工艺。钻进中综合考虑了YDX-6型全液压岩心钻机平台的下方空间尺寸、井身结构设计以及本钻井的井口压力控制等要求,选择和设计了一套满足小口径取心钻探施工要求的井控装置。     

GRAPES-Meso模式浅对流云辐射效应的改进试验

在万子为等（2015）对GRAPES-Meso模式浅对流参数化改进的基础上,进一步引入了浅对流云量诊断计算,并设计旨在完善浅对流云辐射效应的浅云云量和云中水凝物的补偿方案,以改进模式低层云量偏少和浅对流云辐射效应不足的问题。通过对数值试验结果的诊断和对比分析以及与观测的比较,重点考察了浅对流云量计算与浅对流激发的协调性、浅对流云对低云补偿后所产生的辐射效应以及对模式地面要素预报的影响等,验证了改进方案的合理性与有效性。结果表明:（1）浅对流云量诊断计算合理,其云覆盖区与浅对流激发区相吻合,引入浅对流云量的计算可减小模式云量的计算偏差、使其向观测结果靠近;（2）改进方案在浅对流发生区低层0.5-4 km高度范围内,对影响模式云辐射过程的浅云云量和云中水凝物形成有效补偿,最明显的浅云补偿在1-1.5 km高度处,浅对流活跃时期浅对流过程对浅云水凝物（云水和雨水之和）的补偿量可达20%-55%;（3）云光学厚度对浅云水凝物的补偿响应合理,即水凝物的补偿引起云光学厚度增大,两者的变化特征在时空分布上十分相似,且云光学厚度之变化受云水补偿的影响比受雨水补偿的影响更明显;（4）在白天时段,浅云补偿所产生的辐射效应使模式地表太阳总辐射有所下降,缩小了与观测的偏差,进而使地表温度和地面2 m气温模拟偏差减小。改进方案在缓解模式云量偏少、地表太阳总辐射偏强和地面2 m气温偏高等方面的作用,在批量试验中得到了验证。      

Diagnosis of the forcing of inertial-gravity waves in a severe convection system

The non-hydrostatic wave equation set in Cartesian coordinates is rearranged to gain insight into wave generation in a mesoscale severe convection system. The wave equation is characterized by a wave operator on the lhs, and forcing involving three terms—linear and nonlinear terms, and diabatic heating—on the rhs. The equation was applied to a case of severe convection that occurred in East China. The calculation with simulation data showed that the diabatic forcing and linear and nonlinear forcing presented large magnitude at different altitudes in the severe convection region. Further analysis revealed the diabatic forcing due to condensational latent heating had an important influence on the generation of gravity waves in the middle and lower levels. The linear forcing resulting from the Laplacian of potential-temperature linear forcing was dominant in the middle and upper levels. The nonlinear forcing was determined by the Laplacian of potential-temperature nonlinear forcing. Therefore, the forcing of gravity waves was closely associated with the thermodynamic processes in the severe convection case. The reason may be that, besides the vertical component of pressure gradient force, the vertical oscillation of atmospheric particles was dominated by the buoyancy for inertial gravity waves. The latent heating and potential-temperature linear and nonlinear forcing played an important role in the buoyancy tendency. Consequently, these thermodynamic elements influenced the evolution of inertial-gravity waves.