火山活动与沉积盆地的形成和演化

我国大陆地壳进入中生代以来,发生了较其他陆壳更为强烈的构造运动,印支,燕山,喜马拉雅运动都是发生在我国大陆地壳以裂陷作用为主的典型运动,在中生代板块构造的特定时代和以裂陷作用主主的构造运动作用下,岩浆活动沿断穿骨石圈和地壳的深断裂发生,上涌至地壳地面形成火山岩带和地层格架中的火山岩层,上涌至地壳内部形成壳内流体相央浆房而成为高导层,火山活动是由中生代生成的太平洋板块和我国大陆地壳俯冲,使大陆地壳深     

Efficiency of kriging estimation for square, triangular, and hexagonal grids

Although several researchers have pointed out some advantages and disadvantages of various soil sampling designs in the presence of spatial autocorrelation, a more detailed study is presented herein which examines the geometrical relationship of three sampling designs, namely the square, the equilateral triangle, and the regular hexagon. Both advantages and disadvantages exist in the use of these designs with respect to estimation of the semivariogram and their effect on the mean square error or variance of error. This research could be used to design optimal sampling strategies; it is based on the theory of regionalized variables, in which the intrinsic hypothesis is satisfied. Among alternative designs, an equilateral triangle design gives the most reliable estimate of the semivariogram. It also gives the minimum maximum mean square error of point estimation of the concentration over the other two designs for the same number of measurements when the nugget effect is small relative to the variance. If the nugget effect is large (.90 ² or more), and the linear sampling density is >0.85r where r is the range, the hexagonal design is best. This study computes and compares the maximum mean square error for each of these designs.     

加利福尼亚弧-盆-沟体系的地质特征

加利福尼亚中生代弧-盆-沟系的构造和演化模式一向为世人所重视。作者应邀有机会对加州内华达岛弧地块、弗兰西斯科杂岩和大谷弧前盆地进行了实地地质考察。本文仅就这3个岩性-构造单元的一些独特地质特征和地质景观作一简介。     

晚石炭世腕足动物古生物地理区形成机制—环境控制论

晚石炭世腕足动物地理分布以及散布过程受环境控制。在控制腕足动物地理分布的诸多环境因素中，温度是首要因素，板块构造亦具巨大影响。在腕足动物散布过程中，温度的驱赶作用，洋流的携带作用，海浸与海退等环境因素犹如传送带一样，将腕足动物（幼虫）携带到能满足其生态需要的生存、繁衍场所。腕足动物具快速散布的潜能，该潜能的发挥取决于环境。由于研究的类别以及其所处地质年代不同，各种环境因素控制作用的主次地位可能变更。这就是环境控制论的主要内容。     

地洼学说的理论结构和发展纲领

地洼学说(活化区理论)自1956年诞生以来,经受过35年的实践检验,已发展成为包括五个组成部分和两个衍生学科的理论体系。它的理论结构是以第一个组成部分,即大陆地壳中发生于地台阶段之后,与地槽区不同特征的一种新型活动区—活化区即地洼区概念为内核,保护层为其余的组成部分和衍生学科,即地壳动定转化递进说、递进(地洼)成矿理论、壳体概念和地幔蠕动热能聚散交替假说,以及构造地球化学和成矿构造学。 地洼学说是属于作者建立的“历史—因果论大地构造学”范畴,它的发展纲领应是运用“历史—动力综合分析法”的研究方法,贯彻理论实践并重和切合生产需要的学术路线,采用充实和加固内核以及调整某些保护层的方式,按照自我完善与学百家之长相结合的原则,研究领域包括学说本身的进一步发展和运用它以解决实际问题。 内核的充实和加固包括两个方面;(1)理论方面的研究,例如地洼区的鉴别依据、类型划分、形成时代、分布地区、地壳运动等方面的问题。(2)实用方面的研究,例如运用区域地质、成矿规律及找矿预测、地热、水文地质、地貌、新构造等方面的问题。     

地球物理学及大地构造学中关于地壳均衡的新模型(英文)

讨论了一些有关地壳均衡概念的模型。业已证明 ,这些模型既不能用以正确评估地球的平衡状态 ,也不能用以解释构造成因。介绍一种新的地壳均衡模型 ,它与地球的某一种旋转方式相适应。地球体与球的偏差 ,被用来作为地球平衡的判据。地球被认为是在偏差趋近于零的那些点上得到平衡的。地球体与球体之间标志的差异 ,是由地球外壳中地质作用的方向所确定的。所提出的是大地地壳均衡模型 ,是地壳中构造形成新旋转假说的基础。     

Morphological and microtectonic analysis of Quaternary deformation from Puná and Santa Clara Islands, Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador (South America)

This paper presents the neotectonic study of Santa Clara and Puná Islands sited in the Gulf of Guayaquil eastern part. Both islands are located on the south-western segment of the fault zone bounding to the east the North Andean Block. Fault motion and morphostructural analysis were carried out from Pleistocene age terrain. A two step deformation characterises the South Puná tectonics. The first step involves the Zambapala Cordillera uplift that post-dates Pleistocene sediments and pre-dates a marine terrace correlated with the M.I.S. 11 or 13 (440–550 ka). The second step is the formation of a pull-apart that shows evidence of 2.9 km dextral offset since the M.I.S. 11 or 13, giving an offset mean rate of 5.3 to 6.6 mm/yr. This rate is higher than the one calculated on the Pallatanga Fault northeast of the study area, in the Western Andean Cordillera, suggesting that deformation is split in different fault segments from the Gulf of Guayaquil to the continent. The Zambapala Cordillera uplift and transpression deformation requires a compressive event that may have been induced by the subduction process during the early Pleistocene.     

Going green or going away: Environmental regulation,economic geography and firms’ strategies in China’s pollution-intensive industries

The high-growth, resource- and pollution-intensive industrialization model that China has pursued has caused severe environmental pollution and deterioration, particularly in a number of clusters in the coastal regions of East and Southeast China, where the Reform and Opening-up policies first started. The lack of uptake of environmental norms/values, deficit of regulatory enforcement of environmental policies, and insufficient institutional capacity have been compounding factors. As environmental standards were raised by China’s central government, the enforcement of environmental regulation has been compromised more in inland China than in coastal regions, due to China’s “decentralized governance structure” and regional disparity in terms of both economic development and environmental pollution. This paper therefore argues that rising environmental regulations, as well as firm characteristics, regional hub effect and political environment, have all been particularly important in forcing China’s pollution-intensive enterprises to restructure their production, through innovation, upgrading, geographical relocation, outsourcing and plant closure, especially in China’s coastal regions. It contributes to recent studies by developing a heuristic analytical framework that aims to be sensitive to the impacts of environmental regulation, political environment and regional hub effect over firm restructuring, but which does so by stressing these impacts are simultaneously inflected by the nature and attributes of firms. The empirical analysis suggests a roughly inverted “U”-shaped relationship between firm relocation tendency and firm size (or firm capability), resulting from complex interactions between political environment, regional hub effect and environmental regulation.     

无机生油假说及其在中国的应用前景

无机生油假说认为,原油和天然气和近地表的生物物质没有根本联系,它们是生成于地幔内的非生物来源的碳氢化合物。因而油气不是一个不可再生资源,而是一个可再生资源。无机生油假说得到地质学、物理学和化学等三个基本学科的支持。在地质观察上,发现全球许多大油田的油气储藏与原始生物物质之间数量上有巨大落差,难于解释它们是由生物生成的。此外,有许多地区在结晶基底或变质基底内,或直接位于其上的沉积岩中发现石油。从生物生油假说来说,也是无法理解的。在化学上,早在二战期间,德国已由人工合成石油(费托合成),并生产了占德国战争中用油的9%的石油。无可争辩地说明,无机可以生成石油。根据化学(物理学)热力学理论分析确认,甲烷是唯一一种在标准温压条件(温度为298.15 K;压力为101325 Pa)下稳定的碳氢化合物,从甲烷形成正常烷属烃只有在压力>3×106kPa、温度>700°C时(相当于地下深度约100 km)才有可能。在地壳内的温压条件下由生物变质形成石油的假说,与化学热力学的基本原则相抵触。从氧化的有机分子,如碳水化合物(C6H12O6)形成较高的碳氢化合物在任何条件下都是不可能的。根据我国长期对深部构造的研究,笔者认为在中国东部及西太平洋蘑菇云岩石圈地幔发育的地区是寻找巨型无机油气田的有利地区,建议在发育蘑菇云岩石圈地幔地区开展无机油气田的勘探,并在无机油气田远景地区布置超深参数钻,以评价含油气远景。另外建议加强物探工作,尤其是研究地震勘探处理基底内三维含油气构造的技术。     

基于地磁参数和子午线收敛角计算的井斜方位角校正方法

井斜方位角的校正对于定向井轨迹控制、中靶分析有非常重要的意义。通过分析大地坐标与高斯克吕格投影坐标之间的关系,根据地磁场球谐函数模型,地磁参数和子午线收敛角的计算模型,提出了实现方式和求解步骤,并编制了相应的计算软件。通过实例计算与分析,表明地磁参数和子午线收敛角的准确计算对于定向井轨迹控制的重要性。