基于陆海统筹的海岸带"三生空间"分区体系研究

随着经济社会的快速发展,海岸带区域生产、生活等活动逐渐增多,开发程度不断提高,给海岸带区域的各种资源和环境造成极大压力。党的“十八大”以来,将优化国土空间开发格局作为生态文明建设的首要举措,对国土空间开发利用保护提出新要求。在此基础上,文章从海陆统筹的角度按照《国民经济行业分类》和《海洋及相关产业分类》,根据系统性、复合性、兼顾性、前瞻性4个原则,提出了一套包括3个大类、9个二级类、33个三级类的海岸带空间分类体系,并且与土地利用现状分类及海域使用分类进行了较好的衔接,以期为有关规划提供参考借鉴。     

中国城市生产、生活、生态空间质量水平格局与相关因素分析

城市作为人口集聚和社会经济活动的主要载体,也是生产、生活、生态空间的矛盾集中地。本文在城市“三生”空间优化理论框架指导下,构建了城市“三生”空间优化评估指标体系与评估模型,分析2015年中国289个地级及以上城市的“三生”空间质量水平的总体特征和空间分布规律。结果表明：城市“三生”空间质量指数总体处于较低水平,空间格局上从东南沿海向西部和东北地区递减;东北地区的生产空间质量塌陷尤为明显,西部地区生活空间质量堪忧,生态空间质量则与地方的自然生态条件和污染治理相关;生产和生活空间优化之间相辅相成,但不乏城市生产和生态空间质量反差较大;“三生”空间质量水平与人口规模、行政等级之间呈倒U型相关,即规模在1000万~1500万间的城市更利于实现“三生”空间优化,城市“三生”空间质量水平与人均GDP正向相关,职能综合城市和城市群地区城市“三生”空间质量水平更高。     

中国农村空间商品化与乡村重构及其研究展望

基于已有文献,采用定量与定性相结合的分析方法讨论农村空间商品化与乡村重构之间的关联。借助CiteSpaceⅤ软件可视化分析发现乡村重构研究热点趋于多样化、分散化。“乡村旅游”作为乡村重构的实现路径之一,同时也是农村空间商品化的重点研究对象。梳理二者的研究框架,得出农村空间商品化研究从属于乡村重构研究框架,且突出概括农村经济重构过程。农村空间商品化是乡村重构实现的有效途径,乡村重构得益于农村空间商品化的推动等结论。     

Linking remotely sensed Urban Green Space (UGS) distribution patterns and Socio-Economic Status (SES) - A multi-scale probabilistic analysis based in Mumbai,India

Urban Green Spaces (UGS) offer social and environmental benefits that enhance quality of life of the residents. However, due to the underlying social and economic disparities, different sections of urban population have disproportionate level of access to UGS. The environmental inequity owing to the varied UGS distribution poses a challenge to urban planners in efficient resource allocation. This study attempts to counter this challenge using a novel remote sensing-based approach. The variations in UGS distribution (in terms of quantity, quality and accessibility) across the neighbourhoods in Mumbai vis-à-vis the socio-economic status (SES) of neighbourhood residents are assessed using remote sensing-based indicators. Further, as these indicators are susceptible to the effect of changing scales, a multi-scale approach is adopted to study the potential variations in the relationship between SES and spatial metrics of UGS with spatial resolution. The neighbourhood SES was assessed using the newly developed Socio-Economic Status Index (SESI) and the neighbourhoods were classified into multiple SES categories. The UGS were extracted from remotely sensed data using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and their spatial distribution aspects were characterized using indicators at neighbourhood level. The variations in indicators of UGS distribution in the neighbourhoods belonging to different SES categories were analysed using a logistic regression model. The results showed that, while quantity of UGS is not statistically associated with neighbourhoods SES, the quality and accessibility aspects of UGS share a statistically significant relation with SES. Also, this relation was found to vary significantly with spatial resolutions. Further, it was found that the neighbourhoods with higher SES in Mumbai have a better access to green spaces, indicating spatial inequities in UGS distribution in Mumbai. This study has important implications for planning equitable green spaces in cities that are currently in urbanization transition.     

Assessing hazardous waste transport risks using a GIS

Abstract

The transport phase is an often neglected element in the risk assessment of non-nuclear hazardous waste life cycles. Data on special and hazardous waste movements are difficult to acquire, but information collected by the London Waste Regulation Authority during the 1980s gives details of waste consignments from cradle to grave, including U.K. grid references for waste producer and disposal sites. A GIS was used to model the routing of aqueous waste cargoes and assess the potential impacts of such movements. Deficiencies in the consignment records required many assumptions to be made and various scenarios were explored. Roads predicted to see passage of these wastes, together with the estimated levels of tanker traffic, were integrated with the distribution of population, groundwater vulnerability and accident probabilities to evaluate the transportation risks for different localities. Comparisons and evaluations of the implications of different routing scenarios across the study region were made.     

Urban parks as shared spaces? The utility of alert distances as indicators of avian tolerance of humans in Stirling, Scotland

Urban avian foraging is strongly affected by approaching people. Avian alert distances, the instant of a bird's appraisal of human intrusion, have not been studied in a comparative mode for passerines, despite their prominent ecological importance in parks. Alert distances for 13 passerines were examined in parks in Stirling, Scotland, using an innovative approach emphasizing human behaviour and periods between alert and flight distances, termed alert periods. Larger species were less tolerant of humans, although attracted to human wastes. Alert distances also varied according to vegetation variation. Park design may use alert distances to plan vegetation layout as well as reduce disturbing human behaviour.     

基于变异函数的多波束抽稀间距确定方法

在格网化抽稀方法中,抽稀间距的选取直接影响多波束测深数据抽稀结果和构建海底地形的表征能力。为了合理确定多波束测深数据抽稀间距,将地质统计学中的变异函数理论引入到多波束测深数据抽稀中,由水深变异函数估计海底DEM的精度,得出海底DEM精度与抽稀间距的关系。通过仿真计算表明:如果给定海底DEM的精度,再依据计算得到的拟合水深变异函数参数值,即可确定多波束测深数据抽稀网格间距的大小,该法适用于多波束测深数据抽稀的应用中。     

概率扩张与概率赋范空间中非线性方程的解

给出了概率扩张的定义，并研究了概率赋范空间中非线性方程解的存在性和唯一性     

Mortar Upscaling for Multiphase Flow in Porous Media

In mortar space upscaling methods, a reservoir is decomposed into a series of subdomains (blocks) in which independently constructed numerical grids and possibly different physical models and discretization techniques can be employed in each block. Physically meaningful matching conditions are imposed on block interfaces in a numerically stable and accurate way using mortar finite element spaces. Coarse mortar grids and fine subdomain grids provide two-scale approximations. In the resulting effective solution flow is computed in subdomains on the fine scale while fluxes are matched on the coarse scale. In addition the flexibility to vary adaptively the number of interface degrees of freedom leads to more accurate multiscale approximations. This methodology has been implemented in the Center for Subsurface Modeling's multiphysics multiblock simulator IPARS (Integrated Parallel Accurate reservoir Simulator). Computational experiments demonstrate that this approach is scalable in parallel and it can be applied to non-matching grids across the interface, multinumerics and multiphysics models, and mortar adaptivity. Moreover unlike most upscaling approaches the underlying systems can be treated fully implicitly.     

FRIENDS OR FOE? INVASIVE SPECIES AND PUBLIC GREEN SPACE IN TORONTO

ABSTRACT. Environmentalists and ecologists typically regard invasive species as ecologically detrimental and undesirable. Although the ecological impacts of invasive species are well documented, less attention has been devoted to the sociocultural contexts guiding responses to species invasion. In this study the roles of invasive species are reconsidered through three prominent green spaces in Toronto, Canada: the Don Valley Brick Works, High Park, and the Leslie Street Spit. The case studies challenge popular negative assumptions about invasive species and suggest that they can serve important functions both for local ecosystems and for human communities. The case studies also provide lessons on the tension between and within different environmental imaginaries informing invasive species management. Invasives are often compatible with recreational interests, whereas naturalization efforts are ecologically sensitive and costly. Invasives can help restore human‐made wastelands, and naturalization efforts often benefit wealthy rather than poor neighborhoods.