Combined Use of Remote Sensing and Continuous Monitoring to Analyse the Variability of Suspended-Sediment Concentrations in San Francisco Bay, California

Analysis of suspended-sediment concentration data in San Francisco Bay is complicated by spatial and temporal variability. In situ optical backscatterance sensors provide continuous suspended-sediment concentration data, but inaccessibility, vandalism, and cost limit the number of potential monitoring stations. Satellite imagery reveals the spatial distribution of surficial-suspended sediment concentrations in the Bay; however, temporal resolution is poor. Analysis of thein situ sensor data in conjunction with the satellite reflectance data shows the effects of physical processes on both the spatial and temporal distribution of suspended sediment in San Francisco Bay. Plumes can be created by large freshwater flows. Zones of high suspended-sediment concentrations in shallow subembayments are associated with wind-wave resuspension and the spring-neap cycle. Filaments of clear and turbid water are caused by different transport processes in deep channels, as opposed to adjacent shallow water. Crown     

相关系数及其在矿产资源预测中的应用

定量变量和定性变量之间相关亲疏程度的度量研究一直未被重视。本文提出几种“C—D”相关系数,它们有效地刻划了定量变量与定性变量之间的亲疏程度。另外,针对现有定性变量的相关系数只重定性变量之“形”而忽视其“质”的缺憾,本文提出几种“D”相关系数,以充分挖掘定性变量中所蕴含的有用信息。最后,给出这些相关系数在矿产资源预测中的应用实例。     

中国北方沙尘暴与气象要素关系的初步研究

为研究沙尘暴形成机理以及各气象要素对沙尘暴的作用，利用1954～2000年我国北方地区7个台站的月降水量、大风日数、月平均气温和沙尘暴日数资料，以相关性分析为基础，采用了建立大风修正指数，线性拟合，滑动相关的方法，深入探讨其相关关系。结果表明沙尘暴与同期降水呈负相关，而与前一年降水的相关不明显，但有极值对应；与大风和大风修正指数呈明显正相关，并从结果比较可知大风修正指数可以很好地反映沙尘暴的发生规律；沙尘暴日数与前冬气温呈负相关，但是减去趋势后负相关消失，这反映了两者的相关关系主要是趋势相关；计算20年滑动相关，由6个台站一致的变化趋势得出结论：相关值的大小与下垫面的荒漠化程度有很大关系。     

Routine analysis of sediment pore water of high ionic strength

Pore water of sediments plays an important role in aquatic systems as mediator and as the reactive zone between the sediment and surface water. Sediment pore waters with high ionic strength from acidified pit lakes were investigated to obtain information about the influence on the lake water quality. The analysis of soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, ammonium, silica, dissolved organic carbon, ferrous iron, sulfate, chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and total dissolved iron was predetermined as the dataset required for evaluation of water quality. The data collection procedure was optimised by designing a methodology for stabilisation, dilution of pore water samples and adaptation of analytical methods. The developed methodology was evaluated with respect to the effort required in the laboratory under routine conditions. In the first round of analyses, 72% of 638 individual analyses from a random selection of pore water profiles were found to be within the calibration ranges. Remedial actions to handle the remaining 28% of invalid analytical results are exemplified. Differences between comparative analyses of some ions by continuous flow analysis, ion chromatography, and atomic emission spectroscopy were evaluated. The majority of results measured by ion chromatography differed on a highly significant level from results measured by atomic emission spectroscopy. Possible reasons, originating from the extreme sample matrix, are discussed. Finally, the designed methodology and the results of the method comparison are used to recommend the selection of analytical methods under specific conditions.     

老风口生态区偏东大风统计特征分析

特殊的地理位置和不同环流形势的共同作用,造就了老风口地区大风及偏东大风。文中通过对实测风相关资料的统计分析,并结合气象学原理,揭示出了老风口风区大风及偏东大风发展维持的主要特征和基本规律。     

广东省前汛期连续暴雨的气候背景及中期环流特征

为了解中期连续暴雨的成因, 进一步做好4—6月广东省致洪连续暴雨的中期预报, 用统计和合成分析方法, 对1961—2001年广东省前汛期连续暴雨过程的气候背景及中期环流特征进行了分析。分析结果表明:广东省6月出现连续暴雨的几率最大; 小波分析和最大熵谱分析表明, 广东省的连续暴雨存在准2~5年和10年左右的周期振荡, 未来几年发生连续暴雨的次数将增多; 用500 hPa候平均高度场资料, 对出现在广东省的前汛期连续暴雨过程的中期环流特征及高、低纬地区的环流演变特点进行了分析归纳, 总结出两类造成连续暴雨过程的中期环流特征的2条指标, 它们的共同特点为:中高纬度具有十分稳定的“西阻”和“东阻”, 中高纬的“东阻”和低纬120°E以东的正距平区相叠加, 使得低纬维持稳定的东高西低形势, 有利于出现连续暴雨过程。在此基础上利用欧洲中心500 hPa高度场未来1~5 d的格点逐日预报资料得到候平均图, 用动力-相似诊断方法作出2003—2005年广东省有无连续暴雨过程的中期趋势预报。     

铁路大风监测与行车安全试验

通过分析铁路测风试验的结果,研究大风天气条件下,铁路安全运输的可行性和挡风墙的防风效果及有效遮蔽区的范围,进一步提高铁路运输效率。     

基于小波变换的GPS精密单点定位中的周跳探测

基于双频观测值的Melbourne-Wübbena组合和Geometry-free组合,提出了利用连续小波变换方法来探测GPS相位观测值中的周跳,论述了GPS精密单点定位中的周跳探测和连续小波变换方法探测周跳的算法,说明利用高斯函数的一阶求导小波变换对周跳的多尺度分解的敏感性,能够提高组合观测信号的信噪比,准确定出1周左右的周跳发生位置,从而可以提高利用非差观测值解算周跳和模糊度的效率,并给出具体算例验证了本方法的可行性和有效性。     

Variations of near-surface atmospheric CO_2 and H_2O concentrations during summer on Muztagata

1 Introduction As one of the most important greenhouse gases, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased in concentration rapidly since preindustrial times[1―4] and significantly contributes to the climate change[5] caused by anthropogenic emissions. Documentation of the global carbon cycle has been critical for under-standing the causative relationships between green-house gases and climate change. For example, the CO2 level in the atmosphere has been monitored at many sites worldwide …