Tracer and hydrometric study of preferential flow in large undisturbed soil cores from the Georgia Piedmont,USA

We studied the temporal patterns of tracer throughput in the outflow of large (30 cm diameter by 38 cm long) undisturbed cores from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia. Tracer breakthrough was affected by soil structure and rainfall intensity. Two rainfall intensities (20 and 40 mm hr⁻¹) for separate Cl⁻ and Br⁻ amended solutions were applied to two cores (one extracted from a hillslope soil and one extracted from a residual clay soil on the ridge). For both low and high rainfall intensity experiments, preferential flow occurred in the clay core, but not in the hillslope core. The preferential flow is attributed to well‐developed interpedal macrochannels that are commonly found in structured clay soils, characteristic of the ridge site. However, each rainfall intensity exceeded the matrix infiltration capacity at the top of the hillslope core, but did not exceed the matrix infiltration capacity at the middle and bottom of the hillslope core and at all levels in the clay core. Localized zones of saturation created when rainfall intensity exceeds the matrix infiltration capacity may cause water and tracer to overflow from the matrix into macrochannels, where preferential flow occurs to depth in otherwise unsaturated soil. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于数字化技术的古建筑保护研究

介绍了地面三维激光扫描和GIS等新技术手段的优势和特点,探讨其在古建筑保护中的应用,并以河南开封的国家级重点保护文物"开封铁塔"为研究对象,以三维激光扫描点云为基础数据,结合地理数据库和三维建模技术,建立了古建筑数据库。利用ArcGIS Engine二次开发平台,设计了具有多维展示、数据库管理、监测分析和决策支持等功能的古建筑数字化保护系统,从技术层面上加强了对古建筑保护的力度。     

长城文化遗产保护与利用的信息技术方法框架构建

基于长城文化遗产保护与利用的内在需求和长城学理论,首先明确信息技术作用于长城文化遗产保护与利用的内涵。然后运用数字孪生理论与方法,结合新型信息技术发展趋势,探索长城文化遗产保护与利用的信息技术方法框架。该方法框架以“循证分析”与“科学推演”两部分为关键内容,涵盖长城文化遗产数据采集技术方法、模型构建技术方法、定量分析技术方法、虚拟修复技术方法、展示传承技术方法等5个方面。基于该方法框架进一步构建面向长城文化遗产保护与利用研究的技术方案,并以山西省老牛湾堡为例说明该技术方案的具体应用路径。方法框架和技术方案的提出不仅立足于解决长城文化遗产数字化表观与外形的问题,更要揭示长城文化遗产的内涵与实质,有助于从根本上实现长城文化遗产体系的有效保护与永续利用。     

八放珊瑚生物生态学现状、退化原因及对策建议

八放珊瑚广泛分布在近岸浅海到深海,以及热带、温带甚至寒带等高纬度海区,在维持海洋生态系统结构完整性和生物多样性方面发挥了重要作用。受气候变化和人类活动影响,八放珊瑚呈现不断衰退趋势,忽视海洋生态系统原生物种自然禀赋的现象明显,尤其是八放珊瑚可供头足类产卵附着的生态功能尚未引起足够重视。本文综合梳理了八放珊瑚的结构和分类、繁殖特性和生殖方式、影响生态因子和退化原因等研究现状和问题,提出针对性保护和修复八放珊瑚的对策与建议,以期为我国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程的实施提供基础资料。     

The decline process and major pathways of Microcystis bloom in Taihu Lake, China

Eutrophication has become a serious concern in many lakes, resulting in cyanobacterial blooms. However, the mechanism and pathways of cyanobacteria decline are less understood. To identify and define the growth and decline of Microcystis blooms in Taihu Lake of China, and to illuminate the destination of surface floating blooms, we investigated the biomass distribution and variations in colony size, morphology, and floating velocity from October 2008 to September 2009. The results showed that the Microcystis bloom declined in response to biomass decrease, colony disaggregation, buoyancy reduction, and increased phytoplankton biodiversity, and these indicative parameters could be applied for recognition of the development phases of the bloom. Three major decline pathways were proposed to describe the bloom decline process, colony disaggregation (Pathway Ⅰ), colony settlement (Pathway Ⅱ), and cell lysis in colonies (Pathway Ⅲ). We proposed a strategy to define the occurrence and decline of Microcystis blooms, to evaluate the survival state under different stress conditions, and to indicate the efficiency of controlling countermeasures against algal blooms.     

流域土壤侵蚀关键源区的效益评价

土壤关键源区是指流域内对侵蚀产沙量起决定性作用的区域,控制了关键区域的土壤侵蚀就能有效降低流域的侵蚀量,因此,在关键源区识别的基础上评价基于关键源区的水土流失治理的有效性是流域管理的关键问题.SWAT模型是流域关键源区识别的重要工具,但现有的基于SWAT模型的关键源区识别研究,鲜有对于关键源区水土流失治理效益的评价.本文以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型小流域羊道沟流域为例,基于SWAT模型模拟流域内的土壤侵蚀过程,根据HRUs土壤侵蚀模数的排序,将产沙量排在前20％的HRU提取为关键源区.在所提取的关键源区上设置合理的水土保持措施,再基于模型模拟评价水保措施的减沙效果.研究结果表明,SWAT模型能较好地模拟流域的产流产沙过程,所提取的关键源区集中分布在坡度较陡的沟坡和坡耕地.覆盖流域内20％面积的关键源区,其产沙贡献量达到44％.覆盖关键源区的水土保持措施的单位面积减沙量(24115 t km-2 y-1)要显著高于全流域治理的单位面积减沙量(20290 t km-2 y-1),说明基于关键源区布设水土保持措施,能有效提高流域土壤侵蚀控制效率.因此,在关键源区识别的基础上合理布设水土保持措施,是一种有效的流域治理方法.     

Assessment of sustainable forest management in New Zealand indigenous forest

Abstract:   There has been considerable international progress towards sustainable forest management (SFM) of temperate and boreal forest. However, the effectiveness of SFM legislation in providing for the protection of natural forest values has been largely undemonstrated. In this study, all the SFM Plans in the North Island, New Zealand, approved under the Forests Amendment Act (1993) are assessed. It is concluded that the requirements in the plans for assessing, monitoring and maintaining natural values are inadequate with the lack of public participation, and associated appeal rights over decisions, viewed as the key gap in the legislation.     

Factors influencing adoption and continued use of long-term soil and water conservation measures in five developing countries

Many regions in the world are affected by land degradation. Successive development projects have promoted a variety of soil and water conservation (SWC) measures to prevent further land degradation. However, these measures have seldom been adopted on a large scale. This paper deals with the adoption process of investments in SWC measures, and with the factors influencing adoption and continued use of these measures. After a theoretical introduction, whereby three phases in the adoption process are distinguished, it presents and compares some results of independent empirical research projects on adoption of SWC measures in five developing countries. Some general conclusions are drawn from these diverse research results.     

小庄矿井采煤对地下水的影响及保水采煤措施

针对煤炭开采易造成地表塌陷及含水层破坏等问题,采用类比法计算了彬长矿区规划新建的矿井——小庄矿井开采导水裂缝带高度,在此基础上分析了采煤对地下水的影响,并提出保水采煤的措施。经计算,采用分层开采时产生的导水裂隙带最大高度为147.84 m,在三盘区将导通安定组隔水层,造成宜君组、洛河组承压含水层破坏,导通区域面积为0.773 6 km2。因此,在可能导通的区域应进行保水采煤以保证安定组隔水层的稳定,从而达到保护具有供水意义的含水层和保障矿井生产安全的双重目的。      

生物多样性保护及其作用于农产品的价值研究(英文)

生物多样性是农业遗产系统的重要组成部分,一些消费者倾向于花费更高的价格去购买通过保护生物多样性的方式生产的农产品。那么,具有促进农产品生物多样性价值提高作用的市场导向型政策能否被用来保护生物多样性?我们的研究着眼于消费者对"life brand"产品的反应,研究对象之一就是在丰冈(Toyooka)销售的标有"Stork-raising"标识的大米,大米生产所采取的环境友好型措施有助于濒危鹳的保护。同时,运用选择实验,我们分析了此类农产品能否获得更高的市场价格。结果表明,对鹳数量上升是由于农业措施的改变这一事实有所了解的消费者,他们愿意购买较贵的大米以促进生物多样性的保护。然而,还有一部分消费者仅仅出于对绿色食品的偏好而选择购买价格高昂的大米,他们缺少对鹳复苏历史的了解,因此他们并不愿意为了促进生物多样性的保护而花费更高。事实上,日本绝大多数的农产品消费者均属于后者。因此,仅通过"life brand"农产品来促进生物多样性的保护是远远不够的,政府支持和公共活动对生物多样性保护而言是必不可少的。