东北黑土区保护性耕作的发展现状与成效研究

东北黑土区承担着国家粮食安全“稳压器”的重要责任。然而,由于长期超负荷开发利用导致黑土日益退化,黑土资源的永续利用受到严重制约。理论与实践证明,保护性耕作是保护黑土地、推动黑土耕地质量和耕作效益绿色增长的发展模式。综述了保护性耕作的基本内涵及其在东北黑土区的发展现状与技术概况,从保护性耕作在土壤保持、保墒效益、结构改善、固碳培肥和土壤生物多样性增加、节本增效等方面系统评估了东北黑土区实施保护性耕作后的生态与经济效益,提出黑土区实施保护性耕作存在的问题与未来发展方向,以促进黑土地保护与利用协调发展、推动保护性耕作高质量跨越式发展。     

CMA-GFS V4.0模式关键技术研发和业务化

针对CMA-GFS V3.3强降水预报偏弱、西北太平洋副热带高压等天气系统预报衰减偏快以及模式计算效率偏低等问题,对模式物理过程与动力框架关键技术开展研发改进。在预报性能方面,通过在云微物理方案中增加霰粒子相关的微物理过程、调整蒸发速率,并在积云对流方案中改进触发条件、卷入率、准平衡闭合假定等关键因子的参数化方法,缓解模式强降水预报不足和小雨过多的问题;采用质量守恒修正算法解决模式长时间积分质量损失问题,改善天气形势预报。在计算效率方面,研制二维参考廓线方案延长模式积分时间步长,开发预条件经典斯蒂菲尔迭代（PCSI）算法提高Helmholtz方程的求解效率,对辐射方案、预估-修正算法等进行计算效率优化。通过上述关键技术的研发和应用,CMA-GFS在降水和天气形势方面的预报技巧得到显著提升,计算效率提高1/3左右,满足模式在0.125°分辨率下业务运行的时效要求,为CMA-GFS V3.3升级到V4.0奠定了基础。     

基于自然解决方案的黄河中游国土空间生态修复——以陕西榆林国土空间生态修复为例

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展是重大国家战略,要推进黄河流域大保护、大治理,保障黄河长治久安,让黄河成为造福人民的幸福河,在生态保护修复过程中加强对自然生态系统本身恢复能力的利用,突出水资源保护与优化配置,已成为黄河流域及黄土高原地区生态修复中亟需解决的重要科学问题。在分析陕西省榆林市生态特征与生态功能定位的基础上,运用现状调查、综合评判等方法识别当前存在的主要生态问题,比如水土流失、矿山生态破坏、黄河沿岸生态系统脆弱、局部地区地下水位下降趋势明显等。针对性地提出"保持水土资源,恢复自然生态"理念、以保水为主线的基于自然（NbS）的生态修复方案,构建了"一廊两带三区多点"的生态修复格局,形成了4种基于水和NbS的黄土高原地区生态修复模式,布置了16项生态修复工程。通过优化榆林地区生态修复理论与模式,增强对水资源的保护和利用,发展基于自然的生态修复模式,提高了黄河中游生态安全格局,进而促进了黄河流域高质量发展。研究成果为黄河中游国土空间生态修复提供了理论支持。     

New developments in water efficiency

1Water LossInitiativesUnaccounted-for water(or unbilled water)has beenreceiving newscrutiny at both the state and nationallevels.For years,water conservationeffortsin Europehave emphasized reduction in water loss to a muchgreater extent thaninthe United S…     

农业景观保护路径历史回顾及启示

农业景观保护是实现农业景观可持续发展的重要举措,关系到中国粮食安全保障、农耕文明传承、乡村风貌维系、生态安全格局构建乃至社会经济稳定发展.本文借助对发达国家农业景观保护路径的长时间尺度历史回顾,总结归纳出农业景观保护路径发展的一般规律,即其在社会经济发展进程中一般经历传统保护、应对保护、管制保护、治理保护和管护保护五个...     

中国北方岩溶地下水污染分析

近年来,受气候变化和强烈人类活动的影响,环境物质及能量多频次、大范围的输入,极大程度上改变着岩溶水系统的水环境质量,岩溶水生态环境遭受不同程度的威胁和破坏,岩溶水水质日趋恶化。本文归纳分析了我国北方岩溶水系统水质特征、污染现状、污染来源及污染途径。我国北方岩溶水水质类型中硫酸盐型水和氯化物型水的分布逐渐增加,主要污染组分为总硬度、SO42-、F-、NO3-和TDS等。其中硫酸盐和硝酸盐污染强度和范围最大,呈现出显著的人类活动影响特征。依据我国北方岩溶系统结构及水力学特征,将岩溶水污染途径概括为：①连续入渗型——主要包括岩溶区地表水（河流、水库等）渗漏污染,城镇污水渠或排污管道破损引起的污水渗漏污染;②越流型污染——污染孔/裂隙水（含矿坑水/老窑积水等）越流污染岩溶水;③间歇入渗型——固废淋溶入渗和污水灌溉渗漏污染等。据此提出了推进岩溶水水资源保护和污染防治的合理化建议。     

基于地质遗迹资源保护利用价值的保护区划分——以云南盐津乌蒙峡谷地质公园为例

地质遗迹资源保护利用价值是合理划分保护区的基础.本文以盐津乌蒙峡谷地质公园地质遗迹资源为例,从地质遗迹资源利用性和脆弱性两个方面构建地质遗迹资源保护利用价值评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定地质遗迹资源保护利用价值评价因子权重.采用专家咨询法建立地质遗迹资源保护等级划分标准.利用菲什拜因-罗森伯格模型对盐津地质公园典型地质遗迹资源进行保护利用价值评价并划分保护等级.根据保护利用价值评价结果,利用Sufer9.0软件制作地质遗迹资源保护利用等值线图,结合地质遗迹资源保护的便利性与地方相关规划的协调性,绘制出盐津乌蒙峡谷地质公园地质遗迹资源保护分区图,结果为：盐津乌蒙峡谷地质公园特级保护区面积0.06 km2,一级保护区面积11.74 km2,二级保护区面积23.47 km2,三级保护区面积75.07 km2.     

New Modes of Environmental Governance in Greater Sage-Grouse Conservation in Oregon

Abstract

Natural resource challenges often span administrative jurisdictions and include actors and processes operating at different spatial and political scales. We applied concepts of new environmental governance to analyze Oregon’s approach to greater sage-grouse conservation. Through one in-depth case study in Lake County, we traced features of new environmental governance (cross-scale interactions, decentralization, and capacities of actors) through different governance levels. Interviews and qualitative analysis revealed that decentralization of administrative functions facilitated cross-scale interactions and relied on intermediaries, gap-filling, and perceptions of legitimacy at lower levels. State and agency guidelines steered the effort and were accompanied by financial and technical resources from multiple arenas, which increased local capacity. This study adds to the understandings of environmental governance for implementing multi-actor, multi-level conservation arrangements in resource-dependent communities. Further exploration of connections between higher levels and local contexts will reveal important, new ways to link policies with on-the-ground outcomes.     

Linking multi-level governance to local common-pool resource theory using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis: Insights from twenty years of biodiversity conservation in Costa Rica

Understanding the relationship between multi-level institutional linkages and conditions influencing the likelihood of successful collective action has practical and theoretical relevance to sustainable local resource governance. This paper studies the relationship between multi-level linkages and local autonomy, a facilitating condition found to increase the likelihood of local successful collective action. A technique known as fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was applied to a longitudinal comparative data set. In the context of the decentralization of a protected area system in Costa Rica (1986–2006), it traced the emergence and endurance of autonomy among local institutions for biodiversity conservation. The technique illustrates which set of multi-level linkages combined in different ways, and at different points in time, to reach the same outcome (local autonomy). The findings show that a unique set of combinations of multi-level linkages led to the emergence of local autonomy among institutions for biodiversity conservation governance. In contrast, a more diverse set was associated with the endurance of local autonomy over time, suggesting that institutional diversity may play a more prominent role in the maintenance of institutional robustness than in processes of institutional emergence.     

Accumulation by securitization: Commercial poaching,neoliberal conservation,and the creation of new wildlife frontiers

Part of a broader interest in the escalating securitization of conservation practice, scholars are beginning to take note of an emerging relationship between conservation–securitization, capital accumulation, and dispossession. We develop the concept of accumulation by securitization to better grasp this trend, positioning it in the critical literatures on neoliberal conservation, green grabbing, and conservation-security. The concept captures the ways in which capital accumulation, often tied to land and resource enclosure, is enabled by practices and logics of security. Security logics, moreover, increasingly provoke the dispossession of vulnerable communities, thereby enabling accumulation. We ground the concept by turning to the Greater Lebombo Conservancy (GLC) in the Mozambican borderlands. This is a new privately-held conservancy built as a securitized buffer zone to obstruct the movement of commercial rhino poachers into South Africa’s adjacent Kruger National Park. We show how wildlife tourism-related accumulation here is enabled by, and in some ways contingent upon, the GLC’s success in curbing poaching incursions, and, relatedly, how security concerns become the grounds upon which resident communities are displaced. In terms of the latter, we suggest security provides a troubling, depoliticized alibi for dispossession. Like broader neoliberal conservation and green grabbing, we illustrate how accumulation by securitization plays out within complex new networks of state and private actors. Yet these significantly expand to include including security actors and others motivated by security concerns.