The relationship between rock glacier and contributing area parameters in the Front Range of Colorado

Rock glaciers are an end unit of the coarse debris system that links frost weathering and rockfall to debris transport in mountainous environments. By examining topographic and climatic controls on creep, a better understanding of rock glacier formation and evolution could be obtained. A series of statistical tests were run comparing contributing area parameters (width, length, area, slope, headwall height, etc.) and rock glacier variables (width, length, area, thickness, slope, creep and temperature) in the Front Range of Colorado. Results showed that rock glacier width had the strongest correlation with contributing area width due to an abundance of lobate rock glaciers (r = 0.78). Rock glacier area and contributing area size were also related (r = 0.74), but are also a function of talus production factors. Mean surface velocity appears to be better correlated with thickness (r = 0.58) and length (r = 0.62), rather than slope (r = 0.33). Mean annual air temperature had a stronger exponential relationship with maximum velocities (r = 0.76) compared to mean annual velocity (r = 0.60). Front Range rock glacier velocities tend to decrease with warming, suggesting that the volume of ice and debris, rates of shear in plastic layers, or melt water may have a greater influence on deformation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雨滴谱的变化对降水估计的影响

针对雨滴谱的变化对降水估计的影响,提出根据激光雨滴谱仪上方雷达回波的结构特征将降水过程划分为对流云降水和层状云降水交替分布5个部分,通过基于2种降水类型的第1种分类Z-R关系、基于5个部分的第Ⅱ种分类Z-R关系和基于整个降水过程的总体Z-R关系分析雨滴谱的变化对降水估计的影响.结果表明:当对流云降水向层状云降水过渡时,指数谱从无到有、多峰谱比例减小,Nw减小、μ增大、Dm变化不大;Mw与R变化相似,当Z增大时μ和Dm分别是递减和递增的;Z-R关系(Z=aRb)中a值变化范围较大、系数b在1～2波动且与层状云阶段相比,对流云阶段的a和b值较小;利用第Ⅱ种分类Z-R关系反演的雨强与基于雨滴谱仪观测数据计算的雨强最接近;雨滴谱仪在层状云阶段的反演效果明显强于对流云阶段,这与对流云降水中雨滴谱信息变化大且快等因素有关.     

基于地理国情普查的县域景观格局分析与优化建议——以佛山市三水区为例

快速城镇化进程带来城市地表覆盖类型及其空间组合关系的剧烈变化,由此造成资源短缺、环境污染、生态恶化等诸多问题。景观格局分析与优化方法对合理利用和优化配置土地资源至关重要,而地理国情普查为此提供基础数据支撑。本文选取景观斑块水平和景观类型水平指数,基于地理国情普查数据,对佛山市三水区地表覆盖景观类型特征和景观格局特征进行量化分析。研究结果表明:三水区水域和林地构成景观基质,山水城市特征明显;城乡人文景观优势度相对较高,城市开发对生态景观破碎化作用显著;三水区土地综合整治工作有待加强。     

浅谈地理国情普查成果质量检查与验收流程

本文结合湖南省地理国情普查成果质量检查与验收的实际工作情况,根据相关标准规范,对改进和细化后的地理国情普查成果检查验收流程进行总结阐述。     

地理国情要素数据成果的一致性检查方法

本文结合全国地理国情要素数据成果过程质量控制、质量复核工作,以及地理国情要素数据成果自身、与地表覆盖分类数据成果、与外业调查核查数据、与专题资料的一致性要求,通过分析检查中发现的质量问题,提出了地理国情要素数据成果的质量控制方法。该方法为国情要素数据成果的质量控制提供了技术参考,为质检工作提供了方法依据。     

《第一次全国地理国情普查地图集》设计与编制

《第一次全国地理国情普查地图集》是第一部综合反映中国地理国情基本特征的大型专题地图集,多尺度、多层次地展现了中国山、水、林、田、湖、草等地表自然要素以及房屋建筑区、铁路与道路等人文地理要素的地理位置与空间分布信息,是地理国情普查成果体系的重要组成部分。阐述了该地图集的内容设计与制图表达概况,重点介绍了该地图集设计思想、内容设计与组织、制图表达、装帧设计等方面的内容。该地图集可为政府与行业部门优化国土空间、建设生态文明、实施发展战略等工作提供基础资料和科学依据。     

近50a东北冷涡异常特征及其与淮河流域降水的关系

利用美国国家环境预报/大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析月平均数据分析了1960—2009 年夏季东北冷涡的异常特征,研究了夏季东北冷涡与同期淮河流域降水的关系,发现:东北冷涡偏强时,淮河流域的降水很可能偏多,东北冷涡偏弱时,淮河流域的降水很可能偏少。东北冷涡异常强年,淮河流域高低层环流具有斜压性,且低层有显著的正涡度发展,促进了上升对流运动活跃发展。而东北冷涡活动异常频繁,有利于引导潮湿阴冷的北方气流南下,与东亚夏季盛行的西南暖湿气流在淮河流域上空交汇,在上升运动的触发下,导致淮河流域降水明显增多;东北冷涡弱年的情况正好相反。     

Effects of prescribed initial cloud droplet spectra on convective cloud and precipitation developments under different thermodynamic conditions: A modeling and observational study

A two-dimensional cloud model with bin microphysics was used to investigate the effects of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations and thermodynamic conditions on convective cloud and precipitation developments. Two different initial cloud droplet spectra were prescribed based on the total CCN concentrations of maritime (300 cm^− 3) and continental (1000 cm^− 3) air masses, and the model was run on eight thermodynamic conditions obtained from observational soundings. Six-hourly sounding data and 1-hourly precipitation data from two nearby weather stations in Korea were analyzed for the year 2002 to provide some observational support for the model results.For one small Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) ( 300 J kg^− 1) sounding, the maritime and continental differences were incomparably large. The crucial difference was the production of ice phase hydrometeors in the maritime cloud and only water drops in the continental cloud. Ice phase hydrometeors and intrinsically large cloud drops of the maritime cloud eventually lead to significant precipitation. Meanwhile negligible precipitation developed from the continental cloud. For the three other small CAPE soundings, generally weak convective clouds developed but the maritime and continental clouds were of the same phases (both warm or both cold) and their differences were relatively small.Model runs with the four large CAPE ( 3000 J kg^− 1) soundings demonstrated that the depth between the freezing level (FL) and the lifting condensation level (LCL) was crucial to determine whether a cloud becomes a cold cloud or not, which in turn was found to be a crucial factor to enhance cloud invigoration with the additional supply of freezing latent heat. For two large CAPE soundings, FL–LCL was so deep that penetration of FL was prohibitive, and precipitation was only mild in the maritime clouds and negligible in the continental clouds. Two other soundings of similarly large CAPE had small FL–LCL, and both the maritime and continental clouds became cold clouds. Precipitation was strong for both but much more so in the maritime clouds, while the maximum updraft velocity and the cloud top were slightly higher in continental clouds. Although limited to small CAPE cases, more precipitation for smaller FL–LCL for a selected group of precipitation and thermodynamic sounding data from Korea was in support of these model results in its tendency.These results clearly demonstrated that the CCN effects on cloud and precipitation developments critically depended on the given thermodynamic conditions and not just the CAPE but the entire structure of the thermodynamic profiles had to be taken into account.     

中川岩体铀矿化富集条件及铀矿化成因分析

中川岩体位于中秦岭华力西褶皱系礼县—柞水冒地槽褶皱带西段中部,为同心环状产出的复式岩体。围绕岩体产有中川铀矿田和李坝、马泉、崖湾等金矿床。其中铀矿化类型有钠交代型、硅质脉型、粘土型、硅质脉—粘土叠加型,不同类型的铀矿化其富集条件也各异。矿化成因有两种,岩浆期后热液成因和下降水淋积成因。     

松辽盆地南部泉头组砂岩型铀矿成矿条件分析

通过对松辽盆地南部泉头组砂岩型铀成矿条件分析认为: 泉头组半干旱的亚热带古气候对成矿有利。河流相和三角洲相沉积具有形成厚大砂体的条件。砂体较为发育, 单层砂体厚度可达42 m。虽砂体中有机质含量较低, 但泉头组下部含煤层中的烃类可通过断裂构造及不整合面上升进入砂体, 弥补还原剂的不足。工业铀矿孔的发现反映出泉头组有铀的大规模富集。总之, 泉头组是松辽盆地南部一个重要的找矿目的层, 找矿意义重大。