The imprinting of aridity upon a lateritic landscape: an illustration from southwestern Australia

The southwestern region of Australia contains the Yilgarn Craton that has been exposed to subaerial weathering since mid-Proterozoic. The gently undulating landscape experienced lateritic weathering so that today variably dissected, deep in situ isovolumetrically weathered regolith is widespread. Imposition of a more arid climate since the Miocene with the cessation of effective external drainage has resulted in substantial geochemical modification of the highly porous regolith. This vast pore volume acts as a reservoir for complex solutions that may be highly saline, extremely acid to alkaline and reducing. Diverse precipitates have formed in the regolith including widespread occurrence of silcrete, calcrete, dolocrete, ferricrete and gypcrete together with localised occurrences of pyrite, alunite, jarosite, barite, halite and other salts. Clearing of bush land for agriculture in the 20th century increased recharge so that rising chemically active groundwaters are damaging farmland and infrastructure throughout the region. To cite this article: B. Gilkes et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

黑河流域典型景观植被带陆面过程同步观测研究

为了解内陆河流域不同尺度内与水循环及生态过程有关的水分、热量分布规律,在黑河流域上中下游选取3个典型植被景观带建立观测场,并布设环境观测系统(ENVIS)进行环境要素的同步观测.结果表明,山区森林草地灌丛复合生态区陆面是冷性湿润的下垫面,中游绿洲荒漠接触带是干性、较湿润的下垫面,下游荒漠河岸林景观带是干热性的下垫面.     

Extrusion movements of a tunnel head reinforced by finite length bolts—a closed‐form solution using homogenization approach

An analytical model on the general behaviour of a tunnel head, reinforced by finite length bolts is proposed. This model is based on the homogenization method and spherical symmetry assumption. Despite its simplicity, and in consequence its limits of validity, it does allow a quick estimation of the key design parameters: frontal displacement, extension of decompressed zone, ground stresses and bolt tension, and constitutes thereby a very useful and handy tool for design engineers. In particular, the influence of the reinforcement length, as well as other important design parameters, are studied by the proposed model. The charts resulting from the parametric studies are directly applicable. Otherwise, the comparison to a 3D numerical model is also presented in this paper. The first results provide the validation of the analytical solution, at least in terms of average extrusion movements. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用石灰桩加固软弱地基

石灰桩作为一种技术可靠、经济快速的软弱地基加固方法已得到了广泛应用。本文介绍了武汉岩土力学研究所近一年来利用石灰桩处理软弱地基的成功经验。现场检测表明，对于单层和多层工业与民用建筑而言，采用石灰桩可以使软弱地基获得良好加固且满足设计要求。文中还对石灰桩的加固机理进行了简要分析。     

柔性基础下刚性桩复合地基沉降分析

以剪切位移法为基础,假定桩周摩阻力与桩-土相对位移之间为弹塑性关系,推导了柔性基础下刚性桩复合地基的沉降计算公式;通过算例,探讨了桩顶沉降、桩身应力、桩周摩阻力、中性层等分布规律,并将中性层位置及桩端应力等计算结果与有限元及差分计算结果比较,得到了相一致的结论,证明了所采用方法的正确性。     

GCL与CCL复合衬垫的等效性分析

土工合成材料粘土衬垫(GCL)与土工膜(GM)形成的复合衬垫在垃圾填埋场中的应用日益广泛.我国规范中允许在特殊情况下用GCL代替压实粘土(CCL)做垃圾填埋场的衬垫,但是对于"特殊情况"没有明确说明.本文采用数值方法对复合衬垫中无机污染物的对流和扩散进行了计算,从衬垫底部污染物通量和累积量两个角度对GCL复合衬垫和CCL复合衬垫阻滞污染物运移的效果进行了比较,分析两种复合衬垫的等效性,并研究了GCL复合衬垫的适用范围.结果表明,当渗滤液水头较高时,GCL复合衬垫体现出其优势.     

额济纳蒙古族民间景观格局反映的区域环境状况

以内蒙古额济纳旗为例,对当地土尔扈特蒙古族自18世纪初定牧于此开始,至20世纪之前形成的水域、植被和沙丘3大类蒙古族民间自然景观类型进行了研究.水域景观格局特征表明,相对于现代生态环境状况,在20世纪之前,额济纳冲积平原水环境较为优越,整个地区水域景观广布,地下水埋藏较浅.在植被景观格局方面,两河地区主要以胡杨-沙枣河岸林和河岸湿地为主;两湖地区主要以芦苇沼泽-芨芨草草甸和湖岸梭梭林为主;整个地区植被景观处于早期演替阶段.绿洲内部荒漠沙丘景观分布格局体现了干旱荒漠地区的景观基质特征.     

Some considerations concerning seismic geomorphology and paleoseismology

Seismic geomorphology studies landforms which developed in connection with earthquakes. Among them, two different end members may be distinguished: 1) seismo-tectonic landforms, including surface faults and fractures, land uplift and subsidence at different scales, surface bulges, elongate ridges, and any other permanent ground deformations directly related to tectonic stress, and 2) seismo-gravitational landforms, such as landslides, deep-seated gravitational slope deformations, sinkholes, and fissures due to sediment compaction or liquefaction and sand blows, connected with both seismic shaking and gravitational stress.A clear-cut distinction between the two categories of landforms is not always easy to make (and in many instances not really useful), while there are, in many cases, ground effects that might be (and should be) considered as simultaneous combinations of seismo-tectonic and seismo-gravitational processes. This applies especially to surface fracturing and faulting which could be the combined result of tectonic stress, stress produced by seismic shaking, and gravitational stress.The objective of this paper is to review selected case histories mainly from Italy and the Mediterranean region, in order to show the importance of a comprehensive study of earthquake-generated landforms for understanding the seismicity level of the area under investigation. We argue that in earthquake prone areas, seismic landforms often constitute typical patterns (seismic landscapes) whose recognition, mapping and paleoseismological analysis may help in the evaluation of seismic hazards.     

变荷载下不排水桩复合地基桩间土和下卧层土固结分析

基于悬浮不排水桩复合地基超静孔隙水压力解答,建立了变荷载条件下复合地基桩间土和下卧层土平均固结度的解析解。通过与有限元解答的对比,证明了解析解的正确性和有效性。利用解析解对桩间土和下卧层土的固结性状进行了分析。研究发现,桩间土的固结速率远大于下卧层土,并随置换率和桩土模量比的增加而增大。在工程设计采用的置换率范围内,桩的贯入比较小时,下卧层土的固结速率受置换率和桩土模量比的影响很小;桩的贯入比较大时,下卧层土的固结速率随置换率和桩土模量比的增加而增大。桩间土和下卧层土的固结存在临界置换率和临界桩土模量比,超过临界值后,桩间土和下卧层土的固结速率不随桩土模量比和置换率的增加而增大。桩间土和下卧层土的固结速率随加荷速率的增加而增大。     

滇中富民县宝石洞旅游地质特征与成景机制探讨

滇中富民县宝石洞岩溶地下河洞穴景观系统规模适中,洞内岩溶景观千姿百态,洞中有宝(玛瑙),洞外有优美的生态环境和多元民族宗教文化以及潜在的温泉资源,加上优越的交通区位,旅游要素集群度较高,具较高开发价值.文章根据宝石洞地区区域地质背景,分析了该地区区域地史演化特征,根据本次对宝石洞的实地探测成果,总结了宝石洞旅游地质特征...