Application of multivariate model based on three simulated sensors for water quality variables estimation in Shitoukoumen Reservoir,Jilin Province,China

This study applied a multivariate model based on three simulated sensors to estimating water quality variables in Shitoukoumen Reservoir, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China, including concentration of total suspended matter, concentration of chlorophyll-a and non-pigment matter absorption. Two field campaigns for spectra measurements with a total of 40 samples were carried out on June 13 and September 23, 2008. The in-situ spectra were recalculated to the spectral bands and sensitivities of the instruments applied in this paper, i.e. Landsat TM, Alos and P6, by using the average method. And the recalculated spectra were used for estimating water quality variables by the single model and multivariate model. The results show that the multivariate model is superior to the single model as the multivariate model takes the combined effects of water components into consideration and can estimate water quality variables simultaneously. According to R ² and RMSE, Alos is superior to other sensors for water quality variables estimation although the precision of non-pigment matter absorption inversion performed the second.     

辽南小黑山地区太古宙构造变形序列

采用地质调查和显微镜下观察方法,研究了辽南小黑山区太古宙岩石组成和构造变形特征。小黑山区太古宙岩石包括上壳岩、古老片麻岩和变基性岩脉,它们在小黑山变质岩体中呈包体出现。上壳岩由黑云变粒岩、条带状闪石磁铁石英岩组成;古老片麻岩为条带状角闪黑云斜长片麻岩、条带状角闪斜长片麻岩,原岩为英云闪长岩;变基性岩脉为斜长角闪岩和角闪石岩。上壳岩堆积之后有英云闪长岩侵位,基性脉侵位于上壳岩和英云闪长岩（古老片麻岩）。小黑山区太古宙岩石经历了2幕变形：D₁幕变形主要表现为褶皱构造（DF₁）、与褶皱轴面平行的面理（DS₁）、矿物线理（DL₁）;D₂幕变形在叠加褶皱作用下形成斜歪倾伏褶皱（DF₂）,面理和线理不发育。小黑山区太古宙变质岩中发育的变形序列、构造特征、变形特征、变质条件表明,这2幕构造形迹群属于中部构造相。D1幕变形形成逆冲推覆构造,D₂幕变形形成第Ⅲ型叠加褶皱,它们都是在同方向的水平挤压应力作用下的产物。     

低频环流系统的一种统计预报方法

根据实时MICAPS资料,采用经验正交函数分解和滤波方法,统计分析了欧亚大陆上空700 hPa水汽输送通量流函数和势函数主要低频分量的分布特征。结果表明：存在流函数和势函数低频环流系统变化的关键区。根据关键区环流系统演变,确定了与上海地区未来10-30 d强降水过程相对应的预报指标。以上海地区2010年7月的降水过程预报为例概述了整个预报流程,并从物理机制上证明了低层（110°E,30°N）附近的辐合以及自低空至高空向东倾斜的上升运动是造成该次降水的主要成因。     

澳洲长鳍鳗肌肉基本成分分析与营养价值评价

测定并分析澳洲长鳍鳗(Anguilla reinhardtii)肌肉中营养成分组成与质量分数。结果显示:澳洲长鳍鳗肌肉中水分质量分数为63.96%,蛋白质质量分数为17.43%,粗脂肪质量分数为16.41%,灰分质量分数为1.74%;肌肉中测出氨基酸17种(未测色氨酸),其中包括人体必需氨基酸7种(占氨基酸总质量的39.97%),必需氨基酸组成基本符合FAO/WHO标准;主要限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸、胱氨酸和缬氨酸,其必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为82.61,鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总质量的45.60%;脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸质量分数为26.73%,其中EPA与DHA的质量分数合计为8.46%。该结果表明,澳洲长鳍鳗有较高的食用价值与保健作用。     

Simulation of orthogonal horizontal ground motion components for specified earthquake and site characteristics

A method for generating an ensemble of orthogonal horizontal ground motion components with correlated parameters for specified earthquake and site characteristics is presented. The method employs a parameterized stochastic model that is based on a time‐modulated filtered white‐noise process with the filter having time‐varying characteristics. Whereas the input white‐noise excitation describes the stochastic nature of the ground motion, the forms of the modulating function and the filter and their parameters characterize the evolutionary intensity and nonstationary frequency content of the ground motion. The stochastic model is fitted to a database of recorded horizontal ground motion component pairs that are rotated into their principal axes, a set of orthogonal axes along which the components are statistically uncorrelated. Model parameters are identified for each ground motion component in the database. Using these data, predictive equations are developed for the model parameters in terms of earthquake and site characteristics and correlation coefficients between parameters of the two components are estimated. Given a design scenario specified in terms of earthquake and site characteristics, the results of this study allow one to generate realizations of correlated model parameters and use them along with simulated white‐noise processes to generate synthetic pairs of horizontal ground motion components along the principal axes. The proposed simulation method does not require any seed recorded ground motion and is ideal for use in performance‐based earthquake engineering. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

福建东部海坛岛老红砂敏感粒度组分对东亚冬季风演变的响应

本文在福建东部海坛岛青峰老红砂剖面年代学框架基础上,通过2.5 cm等间距高密度采样进行粒度分析,采用粒级-标准偏差方法提取敏感粒度组分,并证明敏感粒度组分平均粒径可作为东亚季风的强弱变化的替代指标,据此建立了约44.0 ka以来青峰剖面老红砂记录的冬季风演变序列。结果显示,约44.0 ka以来东亚冬季风经历了3个演变阶段：①44.0~25.5 ka BP东亚冬季风较弱, 呈现在波动中逐步增强趋势;②25.5~15.5 ka BP为东亚冬季风最强盛期,并呈现高频波动特点,东亚冬季风在21.8 ka BP前后达到鼎盛期;③15.5~7.1ka BP为冬季风减弱期,但在11~10 ka BP前后,冬季风突然显著增强。相邻剖面平均粒径记录的冬季风演变阶段也具有较好的重复性。对比发现,青峰剖面老红砂敏感粒度组分的气候记录与长江下游葫芦洞石笋δ18O和格陵兰GISP2冰芯δ18O记录之间有较好的吻合,尤其对新仙女木事件和4次H事件三者都有记录,但青峰剖面对D-O旋回记录信号不明显。     

Analysis of soil surface component patterns affecting runoff generation. An example of methods applied to Mediterranean hillslopes in Alicante (Spain)

Spatial patterns of soil surface components (vegetation, rock fragments, crusts, bedrock outcrops, etc.) are a key factor determining hydrological functioning of hillslopes. A methodological approach to analyse the patterns of soil surface components at a detailed scale is proposed in this paper. The methods proposed are applied to two contrasting semi-arid Mediterranean hillslopes, and the influence of soil surface component patterns on the runoff response of the slopes was analysed. A soil surface components map was derived from a high resolution photo-mosaic obtained in the field by means of a digital camera. Rainfall simulation experimental data were used to characterise the hydrological behaviour of areas with a specific pattern of soil surface components by means of the parameters of the Horton equation. Plot runoff data were extrapolated at the hillslope scale based on the soil surface component maps and their hydrological characterisation. The results show that in both slopes runoff generation is concentrated up- and downslope, with a water accepting area in the centre of both slopes disrupting the hydrological connectivity at the slope scale. This reinfiltration patch at the centre of the slope is related to the type of soil surface component and its spatial pattern. Herbaceous vegetation and ‘on top rock fragments’ increase the infiltration capacity of soils at the centre of the slope. In contrast, embedded rock fragments, rock outcrops, as well as crusted surfaces located in the upper and lower slopes favour runoff generation in these areas. In addition, a general pattern of water contribution areas downslope is apparent on both slopes. The south-facing slope shows a higher hydrological connectivity and more runoff. 55% of the surface of the south-facing slope produces runoff at the end of a 1 hour rainfall event and 17.3% of the surface is covered by a runoff depth between 0.5 and 1 mm. While on the north-facing slope only 38% of the surface produces runoff under the same conditions. Longitudinal connectivity of runoff is higher at the south-facing slope where more runoff-generating surfaces appear and where the vegetation pattern favours the connectivity of bare areas.     

区域土地集约利用水平时空比较研究——以中部地区为例

科学分析我国中部地区六省份土地集约利用变化规律有利于中部崛起战略实施.在构建评价指标体系基础上,通过对1997-2006年中部地区六省份相关评价数据进行全局主成分分析,并运用聚类分析进行分类,对比分析得出中部地区土地集约利用水平时空变化规律:中部地区六省份近10年来土地集约利用水平呈上升状态,但各省上升幅度不一;土地集约利用水平存在区域差异,其中,河南、山西两省可划为集约利用类,安徽、湖北、湖南三省可划为中度利用类,江西省可划为低度利用类;部分省份土地集约利用潜力较大.最后根据上述分析提出区域土地集约利用对策.     

A new approach for computing a flood vulnerability index using cluster analysis

A Flood Vulnerability Index (FloodVI) was developed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a new aggregation method based on Cluster Analysis (CA). PCA simplifies a large number of variables into a few uncorrelated factors representing the social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions of vulnerability. CA groups areas that have the same characteristics in terms of vulnerability into vulnerability classes. The grouping of the areas determines their classification contrary to other aggregation methods in which the areas' classification determines their grouping. While other aggregation methods distribute the areas into classes, in an artificial manner, by imposing a certain probability for an area to belong to a certain class, as determined by the assumption that the aggregation measure used is normally distributed, CA does not constrain the distribution of the areas by the classes.FloodVI was designed at the neighbourhood level and was applied to the Portuguese municipality of Vila Nova de Gaia where several flood events have taken place in the recent past. The FloodVI sensitivity was assessed using three different aggregation methods: the sum of component scores, the first component score and the weighted sum of component scores.The results highlight the sensitivity of the FloodVI to different aggregation methods. Both sum of component scores and weighted sum of component scores have shown similar results. The first component score aggregation method classifies almost all areas as having medium vulnerability and finally the results obtained using the CA show a distinct differentiation of the vulnerability where hot spots can be clearly identified.The information provided by records of previous flood events corroborate the results obtained with CA, because the inundated areas with greater damages are those that are identified as high and very high vulnerability areas by CA. This supports the fact that CA provides a reliable FloodVI.