Structural aspects of the surf-zone fish assemblage at King's Beach,Algoa Bay,South Africa: Short-term fluctuations

Short-term changes in the King's Beach surf-zone fish assemblage were investigated by means of two 24 h studies (January and August 1979), and by seine netting on three consecutive days at both high and low tide. They revealed considerable variation in the fish assemblage over a 24 h period. Four species: the gorrie, Pomadasys olivaceum; the mullet, Liza richardsoni; the streepie, Sarpa salpa; and the sand steenbras, Lithognathus mormyrus, dominated the catches of both 24 h studies. The number of species caught reached a peak just after twilight. Trends in other community parameters were not consistent for these two sets of data. Considerable variation in dominant species, numbers and species diversity indices was observed from day to as well as between high and low tide. Shortterm fluctuations in various community parameters often exceeded the long-term variability observed in a seasonal study of this fish assemblage.     

Structural aspects of the surf-zone fish assemblage at King's Beach,Algoa Bay,South Africa: Long-term fluctuations

Regular collections of fish were obtained from the surf-zone at King's Beach, Algoa Bay. A total of 3970 fish, representing 50 species was caught with a coarse net and 16 857 fish, representing 37 species, were caught with a fine net. Predominant species were the blacktail, Diplodus sargus; the sand steenbras, Lithognathus mormyrus; the mullet, Liza richardsoni; the gorrie, Pomadasys olivaceum; the white stumpnose, Rhabdosargus globiceps; the sandshark, Rhinobatos annulatus; and the streepie, Sarpa salpa. No seasonal trends were discernible in the overall abundance or species diversity. The species composition of the dominant component of the fish assemblage varied considerably. This indicated instability in the community structure and cast doubts on the applicability of a classic community concept and the use of diversity indices. Neither classification nor correspondence analysis were of any use in identifying a characteristic species component. Multiple regression analysis indicated that short-term variations in wind conditions might be a primary determinant of fluctuations in abundance. The lack of seasonality in the community parameters may reflect the fact that short-term variability masks seasonal perturbations.     

China’s urban residential community in the course of transfer of social pattern

Even though the study of urban sociology in China is just a beginning, it doesn’t mean that urban social problems in China are new or simple. As a very sensitive field, urban residential community has not been deeply analysed before owing to various reasons. This article tries to start with the background of China’s social development and analyse the pattern, essence and evolution direction of China’s urban residential community which is in the course of transfer of social pattern. This article first analyzes the functional mechanism of seven main elements affecting Chinese urban residential community in the course of transfer of social pattern. Some of the elements come into being under the social economic background, with Chinese characteristics, and have a profound influence on urban residential community. Based on that, the author then respectively infers the evolution of four main patterns of urban residential communities in China now. Finally, it puts forward the basic principles of urban community development in the current transfer period in China, and with a development eyesight, it makes a summary of the general characteristics of the Chinese urban residential community in the future.     

Understanding spatial structures and organizational patterns of city networks in China: A highway passenger flow perspective

The use of multi-perspective and multi-scalar city networks has gradually developed into a range of critical approaches to understand spatial interactions and linkages. In particular, road linkages represent key characteristics of spatial dependence and distance decay, and are of great significance in depicting spatial relationships at the regional scale. Therefore, based on highway passenger flow data between prefecture-level administrative units, this paper attempted to identify the functional structures and regional impacts of city networks in China, and to further explore the spatial organization patterns of the existing functional regions, aiming to deepen our understanding of city network structures and to provide new cognitive perspectives for ongoing research. The research results lead to four key conclusions. First, city networks that are based on highway flows exhibit strong spatial dependence and hierarchical characteristics, to a large extent spatially coupled with the distributions of major megaregions in China. These phenomena are a reflection of spatial relationships at regional scales as well as core-periphery structure. Second, 19 communities that belong to an important type of spatial configuration are identified through community detection algorithm, and we suggest they are correspondingly urban economic regions within urban China. Their spatial metaphors include the administrative region economy, spatial spillover effects of megaregions, and core-periphery structure. Third, each community possesses a specific city network system and exhibits strong spatial dependence and various spatial organization patterns. Regional patterns have emerged as the result of multi-level, dynamic, and networked characteristics. Fourth, adopting a morphology-based perspective, the regional city network systems can be basically divided into monocentric, dual-nuclei, polycentric, and low-level equilibration spatial structures, while most are developing monocentrically.     

A collective human mobility analysis method based on data usage detail records

Human mobility patterns have been widely investigated due to their application in a wide variety of fields, for example urban planning and epidemiology. Many studies have introduced spatial networks into human mobility analyses at the collective level. However, these studies merely analyzed spatial network structure, and the underlying collective mobility patterns were not further discussed. In this paper, we propose a collective mobility discovery method based on community differences (CMDCD). We constructed spatial networks where nodes represent geographical entities and edge weights denote collective mobility intensity between geographical entities. The differences between communities detected from the networks constructed in different periods were then identified. Since collective spatial movement has a large influence on network structure, we can discover groups with different mobility patterns based on community differences. By applying the method to data usage detail records collected from the cellular networks in a city of China, we analyzed different collective mobility patterns between the Spring Festival vacation and workdays. The experimental results show that our method can solve these two problems of identifying community differences and discovering users with different mobility patterns simultaneously. Moreover, the CMDCD method is an integrated approach to discover groups whose mobility patterns have changed in different periods at the large spatial scale and the small spatial scale. The discovered collective mobility patterns can be used to guide urban planning, traffic forecasting, urban resource allocation, providing new insights into human mobility patterns and spatial interaction analyses.     

城市交通热点区域的空间交互网络分析

城市热点区域是人们频繁活动的体现,利用人们的出行可构建空间交互网络。目前的相关研究主要集中于对热点提取方法及其动态变化的研究,对交通热点的交互作用及其构成的空间交互网络的研究还很少。本文以武汉市的出租车轨迹为数据源,利用基于时空数据场的聚类方法提取城市交通热点区域;基于复杂网络理论与方法,分析城市交通热点区域之间的空间交互作用。通过研究发现：①节假日,热点区域之间的往返交互较多;工作日,热点区域之间的交互较少;②节假日,影响力较大的节点为车站、机场等;工作日,影响力较大的节点是社区和工作地;③社团探测发现,工作日跨越长江的交互较多,非工作日跨越长江的交互较少。上述研究结论可为交通管理部门针对节假日和工作日分别制定不同的交通管理政策和方法提供参考。     

神农架北坡表土常见花粉的R值研究

根据表土孢粉分析和植被样方调查的比较研究，获得了神农架北坡表土常见花粉的R值，常绿阔叶树花粉一般具有较低代表性，R值变化于0．70左右，绝大部分落叶阔叶树花粉也具有较低代表性，R值变化于0．68－0．88之间，但桦，桤木和槭却表现异常，针叶树有气囊花粉具有明显的超代表性，R值变化在1．35－2．44之间，松表现最为强烈，草本植物花粉的R值变化较大，代表性较差，影响R值的因素很多，植物的生态特性，花粉特征，花粉源距离，花粉产量，地形等作用尤为明显。     

发达国家森林资源分布特点和开发利用现状

本文分析了发达国家森林资源的分布特点、开发利用现状和影响林业发展的问题，并试用区域非均衡理论对发达国家的森林资源的合理开发利用及发展战略提出一些见解。     

南极长城湾浅海底栖生物群落分析

本文采用 1 987年 1 2月 - 1 988年 3月南极长城湾浅海区底栖生物的三航次 1 9个定量采泥站和 4个拖网站的调查资料。根据环境特征、种类组成的多样性和种间个体分配的均匀度 ,采用了聚类方法将调查区分为三个底栖生物群落分布区。并对各群落的结构作进一步分析 ,分为高多样性、中多样性和低多样性三种结构类型。并研究了群落结构与环境因素的关系 ,指出底栖生物的群落结构与底质类型和沉积物稳定性的关系最为密切 ;在深度梯度度不大的海区 ,底栖生物群落结构与深度梯度没有明显关系。     

Mayfly communities in a prealpine stream system of Switzerland

The mayfly fauna of twelve localities belonging to a calcareous stream system of the Swiss Prealps was investigated during the last three years. The stream system was divided into three distinct topographical sections, each characterized by specific thermic and geomorphologic components. Thirty-five mayfly species, that belonged to different faunistic groups according to their respective longitudinal distribution, were found. A coefficient of interspecific association was determined for every pair of species. Non-parametric indices of diversity, as well as a parametric analysis, were calculated for the three stations investigated quantitatively. The faunistic classification of the twelve stations reflected the main topographical organization of the stream system.