岱海水体及沉积物细菌多样性及群落组成特征

采用高通量测序技术,研究了内蒙古岱海流域入湖河流、湖水及沉积物细菌多样性及群落组成.结果显示,细菌多样性从高到低依次为：沉积物>河流>湖泊.聚类分析表明入湖河流、湖水和沉积物细菌群落可分为明显不同的3支,说明这3种生境中细菌群落结构有较大差异.物种注释结果表明,河流中优势细菌菌群为髌骨细菌(Patescibacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria);湖水中优势细菌菌群为放线菌门(Actinobacteria);而沉积物中优势细菌菌群为变形菌门和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi).典范对应分析及Monte Carlo检验表明,电导率和悬浮物含量对水体中(河流与湖泊)细菌群落影响显著,二者共解释了细菌群落变化的86.5%;而冗余分析及Monte Carlo检验表明,泥深、磁化率和总有机碳对沉积物中细菌群落影响显著,三者共解释了细菌群落变化的47.9%.近30年来,岱海地区气候变化和人类活动导致湖水咸化,沉积物碳氮指标显著增长.岱海水体及沉积物细菌多样性及群落组成的差异及其主要驱动因...     

The exponential decline in saturated hydraulic conductivity with depth: a novel method for exploring its effect on water flow paths and transit time distribution

The strong vertical gradient in soil and subsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity is characteristic feature of the hydrology of catchments. Despite the potential importance of these strong gradients, they have proven difficult to model using robust physically based schemes. This has hampered the testing of hypotheses about the implications of such vertical gradients for subsurface flow paths, residence times and transit time distribution. Here we present a general semi‐analytical solution for the simulation of 2D steady‐state saturated‐unsaturated flow in hillslopes with saturated hydraulic conductivity that declines exponentially with depth. The grid‐free solution satisfies mass balance exactly over the entire saturated and unsaturated zones. The new method provides continuous solutions for head, flow and velocity in both saturated and unsaturated zones without any interpolation process as is common in discrete numerical schemes. This solution efficiently generates flow pathlines and transit time distributions in hillslopes with the assumption of depth‐varying saturated hydraulic conductivity. The model outputs reveal the pronounced effect that changing the strength of the exponential decline in saturated hydraulic conductivity has on the flow pathlines, residence time and transit time distribution. This new steady‐state model may be useful to others for posing hypotheses about how different depth functions for hydraulic conductivity influence catchment hydrological response. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国人口地理研究进展

1978年以来是中国人口地理学复兴和发展时期。中国人口地理学工作者消化吸收西方经典人口学理论,讨论中国人口容量问题,认识到中国人口总量即将达到增长极限,强调控制人口总量、努力发展生产和转变生存方式是解决人口问题的关键。针对资源短缺和环境污染问题,提出了创建第四产业,实施环境抚育,推动劳动力就业,降低环境污染的策略。针对民生问题,提出深入开展微观社会调查,主动再造跨尺度的社区制度,推进对人口行为的尺度综合和文化自觉。针对中国人口快速转变和人口结构问题,提出了人口均衡发展理论。针对国土空间开发格局问题,提出了区域发展均衡模型,强调通过产业转移、人口流动、转移支付等手段,形成相对均衡的区域发展格局。针对区域人口发展不平衡问题,提出了人口发展功能分区指标和分区模型,初步实现了视野综合化、指标定量化、分析模型化,将人口地理学研究推向新高度。未来中国人口地理学研究,一要围绕人口普查和人口业务数据库,建设分布式人口地理信息系统,推动人口专题数据和人口计量模型共享,巩固和发展人口地理学定量化研究之特色;二要加强不同尺度的社区微观调查,主动调控人口快速转变情景下的社区行为,提高对人口地理学定量研究结果的理解和解释;三要加强国际人口情报交流,把握各国人口演化趋势,从经济全球化的分工合作体系的视角,合理配置中国劳动力资源和人才资源。中国人口地理学应坚持走跨学科的发展道路,努力在世界人口之巅辛勤耕耘,为国家发展、学科建设做出应有的贡献。     

干旱区沙地长期培肥对土壤线虫群落特征的影响

为了研究干旱区沙地长期培肥对农田土壤线虫群落结构的影响,通过定位实验设计5种培肥方式,采集分析土壤样品中的线虫群落组成特征。实验中共捕获线虫18 337条,归属22科30属。群落分析结果表明,施用有机肥促进线虫总数中植物寄生线虫（PP）比例的增加,瓦斯乐斯卡指数（WI）在M3处理中最低为0.98±0.22,有机肥增加了土壤线虫群落的物种多样性和营养类群多样性;长期施用化肥能够抑制植物寄生线虫（PP）,提高食细菌线虫（BF）和食真菌线虫（FF）在线虫总数中的比例,瓦斯乐斯卡指数（WI）在NPK3处理中最高为2.51±1.12,化学肥料降低了线虫群落的物种多样性和营养类群多样性,辛普森指数（Dom）和营养类群指数（TD）分别在NPK3处理中达到最低值0.13±0.01和2.34±0.07。线虫区系分析结果表明,合理的有机-无机肥配施有利于农田土壤生态系统的稳定健康发展。本研究从土壤生物学角度揭示了不同施肥措施对农田地下土壤生态过程的影响,对于保护干旱区土壤环境和农业的可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Neighborhood Factors Associated with Same-Sex Households in U.S. Cities

Quality of life cannot be fully described by the availability of regional amenities. Instead, it also depends on the quality of neighborhoods and housing. In connection with discussions on knowledge workers, not much systematic research has been done on the characteristics of neighborhoods characterized by high proportions of same-sex households. By analyzing census tracts within select counties across the United States using Poisson regressions, this article investigates what factors are related to the number of same-sex households.     

The Final Frontier: Charter Schools as New Community Institutions of Gentrification

Recent scholarship on gentrification suggests the need to pay attention the role of the state in fostering new geographies of gentrification. This paper highlights the different agents and enablers of gentrification and the increasing importance of place-based community activism in inner city neighborhoods that is a response to a retrenching state. These agents include new types of gentrifiers: family-oriented, middle-class groups who have different interests and motivations from "traditional" (childless) gentrifiers. The neoliberalization of social service provision has enabled private groups, such as middle-class gentrifiers, to transform critical social institutions in gentrifying neighborhoods. One such institution is a charter school, which enables private management of public dollars to provide public education. Through interviews and archival analysis, these new dynamics in the gentrification process are explored by examining the importance of place-based community that is produced and consumed by gentrifiers in an intown neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia.     

The Fate of Inner Suburbs: Evidence From Metropolitan Baltimore

This paper analyzes the transformation of Baltimore's inner suburbs from 1980 to 2000. After developing a geographic definition of inner suburbs, we then spatially analyze them using census place-level data. The analysis shows evidence of socioeconomic decline in Baltimore's inner suburbs, but the extent of this decline varies among these suburbs. Since 1980, many declining inner suburbs had difficulty attracting new residents, White flight was the prevailing trend, and the housing stock was outdated relative to the outer suburbs. The analysis suggests three major influences on decline among the inner suburbs of Baltimore: labor market restructuring, the nature of the local housing market, and income and racial segregation. This paper concludes with a classification of Baltimore's inner suburbs based on our understanding of the processes of suburban decline in the region.     

三江并流区少数民族社区土地利用变化驱动力分析

文章分析了三江并流区的怒江州６个社区的土地利用变化及其驱动力。结果表明,社区耕地扩大,经济林增加,草地和有林地减少;农户不断使用粮食作物和经济作物、蔬菜新品种,使用农药、化肥以及地膜覆盖技术;土地权属和土地利用开发逐步向合理化方向发展。人口增加、技术进步、政策变动、认识水平提高、市场经济发展等因素相互作用是社区土地利用变化主要驱动力。因而,加强教育,提高当地居民文化素质,积极推广科学技术,制定合理     

荒漠草原植物群落光合速率对水氮添加的响应

氮沉降和降水格局改变对草原生态系统的结构、功能及关键过程具有重要影响。依托内蒙古乌拉特荒漠草原研究站的全球变化实验平台,研究了氮添加和增减雨(+50%、-50%)及其交互作用对荒漠草原植物群落光合速率和植被特征的影响,分析了荒漠草原植物群落光合速率与植被特征的关系。结果表明:(1)短期氮添加对荒漠草原植物群落光合速率和植被特征没有显著影响(P>0.05);(2)降水格局改变显著影响荒漠植物群落光合速率(P<0.05),减雨50%显著降低了荒漠草原植物群落光合速率和优势种植物高度(P<0.05),而降水增加50%没有改变群落光合速率和植被特征,降水改变下的土壤水分能很好地解释群落光合速率;(3)氮添加和增加降水的交互效应显著提高了群落的光合速率和优势种植物高度(P<0.05),而减少降水与氮添加没有显著影响;(4)荒漠草原植物群落盖度、优势种盖度、优势种平均高度与群落的光合速率呈现出指数增加关系,解释率为40%～58%。干旱极大地抑制荒漠草原植物群落光合速率,而氮沉降则依赖于降水增加来提高群落的光合速率,荒漠草原植物群落光合速率与水肥处理下的植物生长特征具有密切的...     

New Zealand geography: Sharpening the focus,raising the profile

Geography seems to be in good hands in New Zealand's schools and universities, but we cannot afford to be complacent. What are the key priorities for further strengthening geography in New Zealand in the years ahead? The New Zealand Geographical Society has to play a crucial role by helping to bring together geographers in the different sectors, as well as in promoting New Zealand geography internationally, and raising its profile in the media. Most of all, we need to demonstrate the vibrancy, significance and relevance of geography to the wider community.