地震安全示范社区建设标准研究

根据中国地震局的统一部署,近几年多个省份开展了地震安全示范社区建设,从加强抗震设防到应急预案编制、志愿者队伍建设、宣传教育等各个方面都不同程度地开展了工作。但现有的地震安全示范社区建设还没有统一建设和评价标准,建设水平也有较大的差距,对于推进这一工作的开展十分不利。本文通过系统的资料收集和调研,结合在大连市开展的具体实践,对地震安全示范社区建设与研究现状进行了分析,综合各省市实践经验和行业管理办法,参考安全社区建设方面的标准和管理规定,给出了地震安全社区的定义、建设标准应包含的要素及主要内容,讨论了应用前景和可能存在的问题,为今后全国范围内进一步开展此项工作提供了依据,也为制定行业标准奠定了基础。     

Colonisation of epilithic diatom population of the River Taff, South Wales, U.K.

1. A light and scanning electron microscopic study of the structure of epilithic diatom communities was carried out at two sites on the River Taff, South Wales, an upstream unpolluted site (Site 1) and a downstream polluted site (Site 2). 2. Community structure at the micro-scale revealed that, although communities at both sites were similar in terms of species present (similarity indices ranging between 0.44 and 0.96), they were very different with respect to their physical structure. 3. The traditional approach in studying epilithic diatom communities ignores information relating to community structure. The combination of light and scanning electron microscopy proved to be most useful for studying the epilithic diatom communities. 4. The examination of community succession on stone substrata showed that communities were highly dynamic on a weekly time scale, which suggests that the “age” of a substratum is a very important determinant of the attaching communities. A change from a prostate, two-dimensional community structure to an erect, three-dimensional community structure, and a shift from the dominance of epilithic diatoms to the dominance of epiphytic diatoms were noted. Such a change was more noticed at the polluted downstream site, possibly due to a higher rate of surface pre-conditioning and biofilm production at this site than at the unpolluted upstream site.     

一座热带高产渔业水库枯水期轮虫的群落组成与动态分析

2003—2004年对天鹅洲和老江河两个长江故道的调查表明,该类水体的底栖动物在类群组成上与阻隔湖泊类似,以螺类和水生昆虫为主,但是有较多的流水性和冷水性种类．纵向比较表明两个故道底栖动物生物量比20世纪90年代下降了48.3％-78．6％,软体动物尤为突出．底栖动物资源衰退的原因主要有两个,一是过度渔业,二是江湖阻隔．与长江流域其他类型水体的比较表明在中等程度水文连通的水体中底栖动物种类最多,软体动物尤其是双壳类的现存量明显较高．为发挥长江故道群对泛滥平原生物多样性维持的重要作用,文末提出了关于合理放养和季节性通江的管理建议．     

滇池东北部沿岸带生态修复技术研究及工程示范——生态修复目标的确定及其可行性分析

连续6年对星湖仙女湖区水生植被种类、分布、生物量、水体状况进行了调查研究;共采集到水生植物24种,隶属于18科23属,可分为挺水植被、漂浮植被、浮叶植被和沉水植被4种生活型和8个植物群丛,其中苦草群丛占水生植被生物量70％以上,密齿苦草为绝对优势种;2004年与1999年比较,星湖仙女湖水体叶绿素a增加142％,透明度下降54％,水生植被盖度和生物量减少99％,水生植被群落结构趋于简化、多样性下降;星湖仙女湖水生植被发生逆向演替的主要原因是水体污染负荷增加和渔业生产的影响,削减污染负荷和控制渔业生产是促进星湖仙女湖水生植被恢复的重要途径．     

Benthic indicators: From subjectivity to objectivity - Where is the line?

Over the last few years, the interest in using benthic indicators to assess marine environments has increased dramatically after a rather long period of relative stagnation, mostly due to the need to assess the status of coastal marine waters required by North American and European regulations. Numerous papers on this topic have been published in the domain of ecology, using a variety of different terms to refer to two categories of information: benthic species and the status of benthic communities. Nowadays, the abundant literature on these two categories makes it possible to comment on (1) the definition of the different terms used by benthic researchers, (2) the current increase of papers of rising complexity about benthic indicators, and (3) the subjectivity and objectivity involved in using benthic indicators. Faced with the increase in the number of methods, we recommend pragmatism and thus the transfer of simple methods to the research consultancies that are responsible for assessing benthic quality in numerous impact studies. Using certain procedures, such as the “sentinel species”, the best professional judgement (BPJ) and taxonomic sufficiency (TS), should clearly be encouraged.     

抚仙湖浮游植物群落时空变化特征及其与环境因子的关系

抚仙湖作为我国第二深水湖泊,是国家战略淡水资源的重要储库之一.随着气候变化及流域开发的增强,抚仙湖生物群落组成近年来发生了明显变化,水体水质和生态系统功能呈现降低的趋势.为了摸清浮游植物的时空分布特征及关键环境因子,本研究于2015年对抚仙湖南、中、北3个位点进行浮游植物群落和环境因子的逐月调查.结果显示,浮游植物群落由绿藻门、甲藻门、金藻门、硅藻门、蓝藻门和隐藻门组成.方差分析和相似性分析表明,环境因子、浮游植物生物量和群落结构存在显著的季节演替模式,而空间差异不明显.浮游植物的优势属种(按生物量) 1月为隐球藻、丝藻、转板藻,2月为克罗脆杆藻、飞燕角甲藻、转板藻,3月为小环藻、转板藻,4—7月为锥囊藻、飞燕角甲藻、转板藻,8月为飞燕角甲藻、转板藻,9月为飞燕角甲藻、锥囊藻、转板藻,10月为飞燕角甲藻,11月为飞燕角甲藻、多甲藻、转板藻,12月为转板藻.Pearson相关分析显示,温度和总磷浓度与浮游植物生物量及群落结构呈显著相关,方差分解分析进一步表明水温和总磷浓度分别单独解释了浮游植物群落结构变化的26.0%和2.6%,共同解释了3.0%.与2002—2003年转板藻全年占优相比...     

以鲢、鳙养殖为主的长江中下游武山湖浮游植物群落结构特征

武山湖是紧邻长江的通江型富营养化湖泊,是国家级湿地公园.为切实了解该湖在以鲢、鳙养殖为主的情况下浮游植物结构特征,于2017年9月-2018年8月对其浮游植物群落结构特征及水质开展了监测.监测结果表明武山湖水质全年处于轻度富营养到重度富营养水平之间;12次共采集浮游植物7门100种（属）,浮游植物优势种共有23种,其中蓝藻门有9种,绿藻门有8种,硅藻门和隐藻门各有3种.夏季和秋季蓝藻门优势种最多且优势度高,冬季和春季绿藻门和硅藻门优势种多且优势度高.武山湖浮游植物每月优势度最大的种类主要有蓝藻门微囊藻和细小平裂藻、绿藻门小球藻以及硅藻门小环藻.浮游植物生物量峰值出现在6月,达34.77 mg/L;丰度峰值出现在7月,达341.46×10⁶ cells/L.冗余分析（RDA）和线性相关分析均表明浮游植物丰度和生物量与总磷、温度和pH均呈显著正相关,且蓝藻门生物量和丰度以及优势属与总磷和温度均呈显著正相关.研究结果表明武山湖浮游植物丰度和生物量在夏季均很高,发生蓝藻水华的风险较大.相对于氮,磷是更重要的限制浮游植物生长的营养元素.     

Temporal changes in Sphingomonas and Mycobacterium populations in mangrove sediments contaminated with different concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

The change in community diversity and structure of the indigenous, dominant, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading bacterial genera, Sphingomonas and Mycobacterium, due to contamination in the environment is not very well known. A combination of PCR-DGGE with specific primers and a cultivation-dependent microbiological method was used to detect different populations of Sphingomonas and Mycobacterium in mangrove sediments. The structure of the entire bacterial community (including Sphingomonas) did not show a shift due to environmental contamination, whereas the diversity of Mycobacterium populations in mangrove sediments with higher PAH contamination increased from exposure between Day 0 and Day 30. The isolated Mycobacterium strains migrated to the same position as the major bands of the bacterial communities in Mycobacterium-specific DGGE. A dioxygenase gene system, nidA, which is commonly found in PAH-degrading Mycobacterium strains, was also detected in the more highly contaminated sediment slurries. The present study revealed that Mycobacterium species were the dominant PAH-degraders and played an important role in degrading PAHs in contaminated mangrove sediments.     

Proximate environmental drivers of coral communities at Palmyra Atoll: establishing baselines prior to removing a WWII military causeway

A management proposal aims to partly remove a WWII military causeway at Palmyra Atoll to improve lagoon water circulation and alleviate sedimentation stress on the southeast backreef, an area of high coral cover and diversity. This action could result in a shift in sedimentation across reef sites. To provide management advice, we quantified the proximate environmental factors driving scleractinian coral cover and community patterns at Palmyra. The proportion of fine sedimentation was the optimal predictor of coral cover and changes in community structure, explaining 23.7% and 24.7% of the variation between sites, respectively. Scleractinian coral cover was negatively correlated with increases in fine sedimentation. Removing the causeway could negatively affect the Montipora corals that dominate the western reef terrace, as this genus was negatively correlated with levels of fine sedimentation. The tolerance limits of corals, and sediment re-distribution patterns, should be determined prior to complete removal of the causeway.