翁文波院士的信息预测理论体系的创新性及其意义

翁文波院士提出的信息预测理论体系是一个具有自主创新的体系.它的创新性表现在下列几个方面：（1）翁先生创造性地提出：认识可划分为三个层次的认识体系：抽象体系、物理体系、信息体系.其中“信息体系”是翁先生第一个提出的;（2）对数据基本性质的新认识,特别是指出自然数、整数在研究和预测中的重要性;（3）翁先生新提出信息预测,它与统计预测有很大不同等等.翁先生的信息预测理论在天灾预测实际中取得了丰硕的成功预测成果.     

OGC SLD/SE标准在专题制图方面的不足与扩展研究

网络地图制图目前已成为网络地理信息科学发展的重要方向,专题地图的网络制作尤为重要。OGC提出的SLD/SE标准是目前网络地图制图的标准和规范,但其描绘的地图质量不高,并且在描绘专题地图方面存在很多缺陷。随着网络地图制图的发展,一些SLD/SE标准外的网络地图样式语言逐渐兴起。与SLD/SE标准相比,新兴地图样式语言在制作专题地图方面存在优势。本研究从现有新兴地图样式语言中选择Mapbox GL和CartoCSS地图样式语言与SLD/SE标准进行对比,并总结当前标准的在专题制图方面的缺陷。研究发现,SLD/SE标准当中缺少设置分类方法的功能,同时还缺少用于准确表达未分类比例符号图的功能。针对这些缺陷,本文提出Classify和ProportionalSymbol扩展方案,将扩展后的SLD/SE标准应用于荷兰上艾瑟尔省的点、面矢量数据与使用当前标准描绘的地图进行对比应用研究,证明了本文提出的扩展在描绘专题地图方面更具优势。同时采用北京地区的点、面矢量数据并验证了扩展的普适性。SLD/SE标准目前仍处于不断改进的阶段,在未来的标准更新中,本文提出的2种扩展方案能在很大程度上简化制图者使用SL...     

基于地名认知率的北京城市认知空间结构

基于对北京市居民空间认知的3500份调查问卷数据,采用了ARCGIS的空间插值和Geoda095i软件的空间自相关的数理统计方法,分析北京市居民的认知空间结构。研究得到四点结论：①认知地点的类型并不是影响认知率的因素。②居民对北京市的空间认知呈现出西高东低的“>”形格局,在西北—东南方向隆起动物园和北京火车站两个认知高峰,鞍部为低认知率的东方新天地和sogo崇光百货。③居民认知呈现明显的空间相关性和尺度依赖性。地名认知在较小的空间尺度上为高—高、低—低集聚的趋同性,在较大的空间尺度上表现为高-低集聚的趋异性,两者的转换尺度为城市居民日常生活空间的半径6 km左右。④北京城市的认知空间可细分为北海公园、中友百货、动物园和城乡贸易中心四个次级认知区域,次级认知区域为同质的高认知区,内部包含多个认知高峰。     

大学校园意象空间研究——以中国地质大学（武汉）校园为例

现阶段对意象空间的研究缺少对小尺度空间的研究。本文以中国地质大学（武汉）为研究区域,采用认知地图法,从构成要素、基本类型、发展阶段和感应级别三个方面,对小尺度下的意象空间进行研究,并尝试与大尺度的意象空间进行对比;同时,通过对大学生这个特定群体的“校园认知地图”调查,为学校的规划提供新的视角和建议。研究结果表明：小尺度研究对象,其空间要素与城市大尺度下的相比,节点数目多,区域数目少;基本类型和发展阶段上基本一致。地大校园建设需要建立“大校园”概念,更突出地学特色,竖立绝对标志物并进行道路文化建设。     

MAPPING KENTUCKY'S FRONTIER TRAILS THROUGH GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION AND CARTOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS*

Historical first‐generation frontier roads in America's trans‐Appalachian West often evolved from buffalo and Indian trails into pioneer routeways such as Daniel Boone's Trace and, eventually, into twentieth‐century hard‐surface highways. Period cartographers found these routes difficult to document accurately, and present‐day scholars often depict them only on small‐scale maps, which simply illustrate connections between origin and destination points. Accurately mapping Kentucky's first‐generation roads at large scale requires detailed site and contextual topographic information over long distances, but historical maps, diaries, surveyors' reports, and other period documents often lack sufficient detail for route‐related sites to support mapping. Use of gis software enables positioning historical routes onto U.S. Geological Survey contour‐ and hill‐shaded base maps by mapping verifiable locations and linking them through interpretation of best‐choice routes that consider frontier migrants' transportation priorities, such as direction, distance, gradient, and land‐surface character.     

Empirical prediction of the ground shaking scenario for the Catania area

Simplified approaches for prediction of strong ground shaking, that can be efficiently implemented through a Geographical Information System (GIS), are applied to constructing earthquake scenarios for the Catania municipal area. Ground shaking maps in terms of peak ground acceleration and response spectral ordinates are developed both for a repetition of the catastrophic 1693 earthquake (M7.3), and for a lower energy event, like that which occurred in 1818 (M6.2). The maps account for amplification due to local site conditions. According to the commonly used attenuation relations, the local amplification is taken into account either in a simpler way or in a more detailed approach, derived from an extensive geotechnical zonation. The approximation introduced by the simpler methodology, to be used whenever accurate data are not available, is estimated by a comparison with damage distribution.     

图幅编号自动识别研究

从实用角度出发, 讨论了字符识别技术的原理和方法, 分析提取了基本比例尺地形图图幅编号的特征, 提出了图幅编号自动识别的方法。     

Map Comparison or Traditional Mass-balance Measurements: Which Method is Better?

A number of Norwegian glaciers were selected in the 1960s for long-term mass-balance measurements, to produce necessary hydrological information for hydropower exploitation. Special large-scale glacier maps were produced for field work and data processing, and some glaciers have been mapped more than once. Thus, comparison of glacier maps can be used to calculate changes in glacier volume for some of the glaciers, provided they are of sufficient accuracy.
Conventional mass-balance measurements were carried out on all the selected glaciers. A cumulative calculation of net balances for a series of years is used to indicate the change in a glacier's volume during that period. However, various errors originate in the field, some of which are systematic, particularly on glaciers with large winter accumulation.
The present study indicates that certain errors are difficult to define and determine, For the maritime glacier Ålfotbreen, a cumulative mass-balance calculation gives a positive total balance (+3.4 m water equivalent in the period 1968–88), whereas the map comparison indicates a total negative balance (−5.8 m water equivalent). This indicates a discrepancy between the methods, which must be accounted for.
Determination of errors in mass-balance measurements is difficult. Sinking of stakes in the accumulation area and the use of sounding sticks (steel probes) in heavy snowlayers cause problems.     

空间路线描绘：以大学生入学路线的心像地图为例

以开放性问题的方式调查大学新生对地理空间的认知,通过让被试者绘制其从家乡入学的路线,并在经过简短的地理和地图基础知识理解后再进行同一问题的路线描述,试图发掘基础地理知识对路线理解的前后变化、揭示空间认知能力如何体现在绘制路线上。研究结果表明,被试者会选择文字、示意简图、方位图方式绘制心像地图,具有较强的空间记忆能力;经过地理和地图基础知识介绍后,被试者的描述方式发生改变,增强了空间感知能力和知识叠加能力;选择交通方式的不同对路线描述、途经要素的选择及途经地点数量会产生重要影响;地理和地图基础知识的介绍对途经地点的数量和行政等级几乎没有影响;山川河流及知名建筑等地理要素对人认知记忆产生重要影响,是路线描绘过程中的重要标志;远距离路线描绘会出现等级空间思维而“详-略”结合的地图刻画。实验揭示了路线描述的个体差异和上述的共同点。