Cognition of feedback loops in a fire-prone social-ecological system

Increasing wildfire severity highlights the need for large-scale shifts in management of fire-prone landscapes. While prior research has focused on cognitive biases, social norms, and institutional disincentives that limit reform, such factors are best understood as components of feedback loops that operate within complex adaptive systems. We evaluated the prominence and function of feedback loops embedded in cognitive maps—beliefs about patterns of causal relationships that drive system dynamics—elicited from a diverse cross-section of stakeholders in a fire-prone region in the U.S. West. We demonstrate that cognition of feedback loops is rare among individuals, but increasingly prominent within aggregations of cognitive maps, which underscores the importance of collaborative decision-making. Our analysis further reveals a bias toward perception of amplifying feedback loops and of loops in which management actions result in desirable outcomes, which points to areas where progress may be made in reforming wildfire risk governance.     

基于SVG的面状地图符号设计与实现

面状地图符号的设计与实现是计算机地图制图领域研究的基本问题,而面符号的共享则是当前开放地理信息技术研究的重要内容。本文结合面状地图符号设计的基本方法与开放标准的二维矢量标记语言SVG,提出并详细设计了基于SVG的面状地图符号。实验通过基于XML的地图表达原型系统测试,其结果证明能够满足我国地形图图式规范的符号表达要求。     

网络电子地图在触摸屏公众服务系统中的应用开发研究

提出了在触摸屏公众服务系统中应用网络电子地图的框架体系,并分析了其中的关键技术.本文将Web地图服务和桌面应用程序进行有效结合,使得桌面系统可以直接访问与调用网络地图.其方法简单、快捷,并且可以节省大量资金,快速提高开发效率,最后其成功地应用到了公众服务系统当中,为电子地图在触摸屏中的应用提供了新的思路和方法.     

云平台下MapGIS图件在ArcGIS中还原显示技术研究

MapGIS和ArcGIS两个GIS平台拥有不一样的符号库及渲染表达方式,这就造成在MapGIS平台下产生的图件数据要想在ArcGIS平台中还原显示较为困难。通过分析两种GIS平台下图件数据的文件格式及图面渲染方式,在Map2Shp文件转换软件和GIS二次开发技术的支持下,总结了一套半自动化完成还原显示的技术流程,在实际工作中有效地解决了文件转换过程中图面渲染内容丢失、工作量大等问题。同时在云平台虚拟环境中完成该技术流程,为同一GIS平台不同版本不兼容的问题提供了解决方案,并且缩短了图面渲染的时间,从而提高了工作效率。     

基于机载LIDAR的地勘专题图测绘技术研究

根据地质勘查和矿山设计的用图需要,针对传统测图技术的滞后现状,结合矿山地理位置要素的实际情况和现代机载LIDAR技术的应用特点,经过实践创新研究,总结出符合地质勘查工作实际地图测绘的新方法、新工艺.     

基于认知规律的地图可视化系统用户界面设计研究

地图可视化系统用户界面是实现用户和地图可视化系统交互的关键环节,但对这一情况目前地图学界还没有给予足够的重视。本文首先拓宽用户界面的概念并介绍了地图可视化系统用户界面元素,通过分析现有地图可视化系统用户界面设计中存在的一些问题,提出了基于认知规律的地图可视化系统用户界面设计原则,并通过实例进行了详细说明。     

Perceptual complexity of soil-landscape maps: a user evaluation of color organization in legend designs using eye tracking

ABSTRACT

We compared the ability of two legend designs on a soil-landscape map to efficiently and effectively support map reading tasks with the goal of better understanding how the design choices affect user performance. Developing such knowledge is essential to design effective interfaces for digital earth systems. One of the two legends contained an alphabetical ordering of categories, while the other used a perceptual grouping based on the Munsell color space. We tested the two legends for 4 tasks with 20 experts (in geography-related domains). We analyzed traditional usability metrics and participants’ eye movements to identify the possible reasons behind their success and failure in the experimental tasks. Surprisingly, an overwhelming majority of the participants failed to arrive at the correct responses for two of the four tasks, irrespective of the legend design. Furthermore, participants’ prior knowledge of soils and map interpretation abilities led to interesting performance differences between the two legend types. We discuss how participant background might have played a role in performance and why some tasks were particularly hard to solve despite participants’ relatively high levels of experience in map reading. Based on our observations, we caution soil cartographers to be aware of the perceptual complexity of soil-landscape maps.     

数字环境下面状要素分级设色的适宜方案分析

为探究明度与色相同步变化时不同分级设色方案在数字环境下的适宜性,基于Munsell色彩调和秩序与CIEDE2000色差公式设计了7种分级设色方案,并开展了视觉认知试验。试验结果表明：①增加各级间色差会导致颜色辨识的准确性增强;②与各级间色差相等的色阶相比,色差先增大后减小的色阶有利于读图判别;③图斑面积分布均匀程度对颜色辨识的影响并不显著;④色阶的总色差增大,会导致颜色过渡的协调性降低。色差先增大后减小的色阶能产生较好的辨识效果,同时保持较好的色彩协调性,且相关规律可以推广到图斑面积分布均匀程度不同的地图中,在分级设色中运用具有优势。     

British National Report to the International Cartographic Association for the Period 2011-2015

In recent years, the concepts of usability, user experience, and user-centricity have gained in interest. Digital applications, developed in line with criteria related to these approaches, ask for a deeper understanding of users and their requirements. But, even though there is a wide range of methods available, the creation of user-centric applications with good usability and user experience still poses great challenges for developers. This is also true for web maps, i.e. web map applications, which today are ubiquitous on the Internet. They have evolved into an important information and communication tool and address users who do not possess any specific knowledge of Geoinformatics (GI) or Cartography. Despite the efforts made to meet the requirements and preferences of laymen, these users still often face problems when dealing with web map applications. This refers to aspects of design, content, and functionality. Here, participatory design, which is well-known in the field of Software and Web Engineering, might provide a suitable means. By engaging users directly and actively in the application development process, developers are able to gain a profound understanding of the users and their needs. However, there are several open questions regarding the use of participatory design for designing and implementing web map applications: What does the use of participatory design in web map development processes look like in detail? How and to what degree can users be involved in the development processes? Which added values exist? These questions are addressed by the project YouthMap 5020, whose main goal it was to create a prototype youth-centric web map for the Austrian city of Salzburg (zip code 5020). Applying the approach of participatory design, about 120 teenage pupils from several local schools were involved in all kinds of tasks related to the phases of generating the youth-centric Salzburg web city map. Experience and knowledge gained thereby allowed elaborating recommendations generally useful for generating youth-centric web map applications.     

A Digital Map Library – Electronic Information in the Map Collection

Abstract

The ETH-Bibliothek (the Library of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) in Zurich has employed electronic resources to vastly enhance access to its collections. This article examines how ETH has set about the task of incorporating electronic data into the map collection, and then explores how access to hard copy map materials has been revolutionized by electronic means.