Method and analysis for the upscaling of structural data

3D geological models are created to integrate a set of input measurements into a single geological model. There are many problems with this approach, as there is uncertainty in all stages of the modelling process, from initial data collection to the approach used in the modelling scheme itself to calculate the geological model. This study looks at the uncertainty inherent in geological models due to data density and introduces a novel method to upscale geological data that optimises the information in the initial dataset. This method also provides the ability for the dominant trend of a geological dataset to be determined at different scales. By using self-organizing maps (SOM's) to examine the different metrics used to quantify a geological model, we allow for a larger range of metrics to be used compared to traditional statistical methods, due to the SOM's ability to deal with incomplete datasets. The classification of the models into clusters based on the geological metrics using k-means clustering provides a useful insight into the models that are most similar and models that are statistical outliers. Our approach is guided and can be calculated on any input dataset of this type to determine the effect that data density will have on a resultant model. These models are all statistical derivations that represent simplifications and different scales of the initial dataset and can be used to interrogate the scale of observations.     

基于Dirichlet-to-Neumann映射计算半无限二维光子晶体的表面模式

介绍了一种基于Dirichlet-to-Neumann（DtN）映射的计算半无限二维光子晶体表面模式的有效数值方法.首先利用三种不同单元晶格的DtN算子构造出超级晶胞的DtN映射,然后在超级晶胞的两条边界上建立特征值问题来计算光子晶体表面模式,建立的特征值问题是线性的,而且其中的矩阵比较小.最后用两个数值算例验证了数值方法的有效性.     

Modelling the spatial evolution of map objects by map agents

To overcome the weakness of modelling the relationships between map objects that represent the same geographic entities or phenomena at different times and scales, an agent-based approach is presented to modelling of the spatial evolution of map objects for better understanding of the evolutional process of different maps. Map agents are used to establish and manage the many-to-many corresponding relationships between map objects, and they render map objects active rather than traditionally passive. The evolutions of map objects are modelled by map agents using association and generation relationships to model the connectivity between map objects. This effort reduces the workload of multi-scale map updating by avoiding update of the entire map; instead, it simply allows map agents to detect, perceive and choose suitable behaviours on which to operate and update a spatially evolving object. Experiments of specific examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and the effectiveness of our approach.     

基于三维GIS的楼宇租赁管理研究

三维GIS应用于楼宇租赁管理,不仅空间信息的展示更为直观,而且多维度空间分析功能更加强大。本文利用侧轴投影以及后期纹理、贴图、修正等处理将三维数据转换成2.5维数据,解决了数据量大和加载速度慢的问题;通过构建三维矢量图并与2.5维地图匹配融合,可以方便地查询属性信息;室内地图的制作包括概念建模、数据转换、地图切片三个步骤。文章将楼宇外部轮廓的三维模型和室内二维地图相结合,注重精细化管理和多维度、多层次的管理需要,使用户对楼宇信息管理系统的使用更加方便。     

浅谈云南应急地图快速制图预案设计

探讨了应急地图的特点,简要分析了云南省现行的应急地图制作流程及缺点;结合云南省应急地图制作的实际情况,简要阐述了基于"图库一体化"技术的多级比例应急制图预案设计的主要思想及实施关键点;实现了应急地图凭经验设计到快速设计的转变,大大缩短了制作时间,提高了成图效率,更好地发挥了应急地图在处置突发事件中的突出作用;最后就目前存在的问题提出了下一步的研究方向。     

自媒体时代的地图:微地图

针对传统地图制作门槛高、传播效率低的弊端,提出了一种新的地图形式——微地图,以适应自媒体时代对地图的要求。给出了微地图的定义、特点及其与传统地图的区别,阐释了微地图系统的功能。微地图作为传统地图的有益补充,将以其小、快、灵的特点成为面向"草根"阶层的地图。     

增强现实电子地图应用模式研究

增强现实是真实世界与虚拟信息融合的可视化窗口,增强现实与地图的结合日益受到学者的关注与重视。如何合理地在增强现实界面上表达地图内容,提高用户的认知效率是研究的难点之一。在分析AR与地图结合的特点的基础上,拓展了AR Maps的概念,并重点研究了AR Maps应用场景过程;提出了一种从宏观到微观的地图应用模式;最后设计了基于应用模式的AR Maps地图架构,构建了Android环境下的地图平台,验证了AR Maps应用模式的功能。     

移动地图制图的句法模型

采用形式语言的方法,研究了移动地图制图的句法模型。剖析了移动地图制图的过程,将句法模型定位在制图的逻辑演算层面;结合地图表达的层次性和递归性特征,将移动地图制图的句法结构抽象为"制图词汇+句法规则"的最简形式。在制图词汇方面,建立了制图词汇的分类体系,并重点对空间关系谓词系统进行了建模;在句法规则方面,描述了句法操作规则和不同层次的句法单位描述规则。探讨了句法模型的编译流程和关键技术,并通过试验对移动地图制图句法模型的可行性进行了验证。句法模型的本质是一种使用有限规则和词汇动态生成不同地图表达形式的形式语言语法,可作为一种高阶的人机交互制图接口。     

非常复杂的异常台风路径的卫星云图特征

异常的台风是台风预报中的一个主要难点，而非常复杂的怪路径虽然次数很吵，但却无法预报，有些甚至在事后都难以解释，本文对9119号台风（Nat)的一次怪路径作了个例分析，指出卫星云图不仅能对9119怪路径作出很好的解释，而且在其二次热带风暴一台风强度阶段能作出较好的预报。     

A fast simplified model for predicting river flood inundation probabilities in poorly gauged areas

The capability of a simple kinematic‐storage model (KSM) is analysed to be used as a tool for a Decision Support System for the evaluation of probability inundation maps in near real time in poorly gauged areas. KSM simulates the floodplain as a storage and assumes no exchange of momentum with the channel. For the in‐bank flow, the storage is modified through a coefficient for taking the variations of channel cross sections into account. The generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation approach is used for addressing the probability flood maps along with their associated uncertainties. The model is tested on two river reaches along the Tiber River in Central Italy where observed inundation maps are available for two recent flood events. Despite the inherent uncertainties present in the input data and in the model structure, the results show that the model reproduces reasonably well, in terms of both precision and accuracy, the observed inundated areas. Tests were performed at different digital elevation model resolutions, showing a small effect of the geometry on the maximum performance obtained. The very low computational times, the parsimony of the model and its low sensitivity to the quality of the geometry representation of the channel and the floodplain makes KSM very appealing for flood forecasting and early warning system applications in poorly gauged and inaccessible areas. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.