Application of the Static Headland-Bay Beach Concept to a Sandy Beach: A New Elliptical Model

The headland-bay beach is one of the most common coastal types in the world.Its morphology reflects the changes that occurred during long-term evolution of the sandy coast.Several headland-bay beach models have been proposed to simulate the coastline’s configuration in equilibrium.In this paper,a new elliptical model is proposed,described,and applied.On the east coast of Laizhou Bay in Shandong Province from Longkou Port to Diaolongzui,four typical headland-bay beaches have developed,and four headland-bay beach models are used in this paper to simulate the morphology of these beaches to assess the applicability of each model.The simulation results of the elliptical model verify that it is applicable to the study area.In addition,the elliptical model is easy to use.Through simulation and field investigations,we concluded that most of the coastal segments in this area will remain in an erosion state,and the human activity has a significant impact on the shoreline’s evolution.     

江苏沿海滩涂围垦耕地质量演变趋势分析

淤涨型沿海滩涂作为中国重要湿地和耕地后备资源,承担着生态保护、社会保障、经济发展等多重服务功能。选取江苏中部淤涨型滨海滩涂开展实证分析,分析围垦年限为0~40年滩涂垦区耕地质量因子空间差异,采用“时空代换”方法揭示滨海滩涂围垦后耕地质量的演变趋势,为沿海滩涂围垦区耕地资源可持续利用提供决策参考。结果表明：江苏中部沿海滩涂土壤总体呈现盐碱度高、养分贫瘠等特征且土壤理化性质变异程度高,土壤质地呈现显著南北和陆海梯度特征。滩涂垦区围垦初期地形、植被状态和围垦后滨海滩涂转变为耕地路径对耕地质量演变趋势均具有重要影响。沿海滩涂转为耕地路径由垦区自然条件、开发主体、开发规模等因素共同作用,江苏中部沿海滩涂转为耕地路径已从“盐生植被→养殖水体→耕地”转变为“盐生植被→耕地”,该转变缩短了滩涂转为耕地的周期,但同时也带来围垦滩涂撂荒闲置现象。围垦后沿海滩涂土壤逐步向耕地土壤转变,耕地质量因子演变趋势可分为四种：上升型,如土壤全磷、有效磷、粘粒含量;下降型,如土壤砂粒含量;下降—上升型,如有机质、全氮、碱解氮和CEC;上升—下降型,如土壤盐分和pH。围垦初期,滩涂土壤脱离海水环境,土壤有机质发生矿化过程呈现下降趋势,土壤盐分和pH受到蒸发和蒸腾作用急剧上升;围垦中期,受到人类耕作作物秸秆等有机物输入以及施肥的影响,土壤有机质、养分等呈现上升趋势,土壤盐分和pH呈现下降趋势;围垦后期,耕地质量因子受到耕作管理影响存在一定幅度的波动,由于沿海滩涂垦区耕地形成时间短,耕地质量对耕作管理等因素敏感度高。     

红树林海岸带研究的一个新方向—生物地貌研究

介绍了红树林海岸生物地貌研究产生的背景，讨论了研究的目标和研究的主要内容，以及几点建议性的研究方法。     

On the impossibility of the co-existence of monsoons and severe storm surges in the Bay of Bengal

The problem of storm surges is introduced briefly. The utility of passive microwave observations to study this phenomenon is pointed out. The reasons for the nonoccurrence of severe surges in the Bay of Bengal, during monsoon regimes, is discussed in this paper. It was demonstrated that the predominant reason for lack of severe surges over the Bay of Bengal coast is due to the absence of weak wind shear during monsoon seasons.Atmospheric Environment Service, Ice Center, Environment Canada, 373 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OH3.     

电磁法在工程地质勘察中的应用

本文采用有场源电磁法勘探粤东沿海广(州)深(圳)珠(海)及深(圳)汕(头)南线等高速公路工程,勘探使用美国GDP—12及加拿大EM—37电磁数据采集系统。文章论述了时间域与频率域的多种电磁法装置在桥梁、互通、遂道及软土公路工程中的地磁物理应用前提及它们的应用环境、工作效率、勘探深度等,低阻覆盖下的地质分层及断层产状性质等问题是本文探讨要点。文中例举了多种装置的电磁异常场剖面图及其曲线形态:对磨刀门桥址西江断裂的电磁异常剖面曲线形态、特征作了构造地质解释,认为该断裂系由两条主干断层组成的蠕滑断层组。上述工程地质解释结论已作为工程勘察设计依据。有的电磁异常已被工程地震及钻探证实。     

Assessment of SARAL-ALTIKA Tidal Corrections in the Coastal Oceans Around India

The present tidal correction of sea level records of Satellite with ARgoes and ALtimeter (SARAL) is based on the finite element solution (FES) of global tide model FES2012 tidal solution. In this study, we examined the validity of the tidal corrections in the coastal oceans around India using tide gauge measurements and a regional tidal model. Our regional model is based on the barotropic version of the Princeton Ocean Model that is forced by the time-varying tidal levels at the open ocean end based on the global FES99 tidal solution. Tide charts prepared from the simulated tidal levels are very similar to the FES tidal solutions. Comparison with the tide gauge measurement shows close agreement with the regional tidal solutions. On the other hand, the agreement with the FES tide models differ significantly in the Gulf of Khambhat and the Gulf of Kutch on the northwest, and in the Hooghly estuary on the northeast continental shelf. However, the agreement is exceptional in other parts of the study domain. These tidal solutions are used in the SARAL-ALTIKA X-track data to assess the FES tidal correction and to draw some inferences associated with the coastal processes. It is revealed that these corrections are reasonably accurate for the coastal oceans around India except the aforementioned converging channels.     

江苏中部海岸潮沟形态对滩涂围垦的响应

根据2001-2013年江苏中部海岸的遥感影像和野外观测数据,对滩涂围垦影响下潮沟的形态演变过程进行分析。结果显示,研究区潮沟在大规模滩涂围垦影响下整体有明显的退化和消亡趋势,潮沟集水面积由2001年的293.94 km2逐渐降低到2013年的103.40 km2,潮沟长度随着其集水面积的缩减呈幂函数减小(R2=0.98),而潮沟宽度随着潮沟长度和集水面积的变小呈指数方式变窄(R2分别为0.87、0.93),总体上研究区每围垦1 km2滩涂,潮沟长度和宽度分别减小约2.60 km和0.67 m,在整个滩涂围垦过程中,落潮后期潮滩的主要排水方式逐渐由潮沟排水向滩面排水方式转变。江苏中部海岸潮沟形态在统计上具有多尺度分形结构,总体上研究区分纬值从大到小依次为潮沟分维值、各潮沟系统分维值、单支潮沟分维值。研究区潮沟的分维值(无标度区间25~210内)在滩涂围垦影响下呈波动性降低,由2001年的1.26逐渐降低到2013年的1.13,各潮沟系统的分维值随着其分汊个数减少呈线性降低(R2=0.89),各单支潮沟的分维值随着其蜿蜒性减小呈线性降低(R2=0.86)。根据潮沟的退化和消亡过程反推潮沟的起源和发育过程,本研究认为研究区最早出现的一类潮沟可能是陆源水流侵蚀型潮沟,而滩面水流冲刷型和潮流辐聚侵蚀型潮沟是随着潮滩淤积变宽过程逐渐发育的,其最初的发育形态可能是潮滩下部的冲刷凹地。     

考虑非期望产出的中国省际海洋经济效率测度及时空特征

基于考虑非期望产出的SBM模型,对2001~2012年沿海11个省市区（不含香港、澳门、台湾地区）的海洋经济效率进行了测度,并对其时空特征进行分析。研究发现：① 不考虑非期望产出的效率值要明显高于考虑非期望产出的效率值,非期望产出对于海洋经济效率具有明显影响。② 2001年以来海洋经济效率演变分为波动下降（2001~2008）和缓慢上升（2009~2012）两个阶段;区域差距呈先缩小后扩大的趋势。③ 空间上呈现由南北高、中部低的格局向以天津、上海、广东为中心的三极格局演进的趋势;省际变化特征各异。最后对海洋经济效率的影响机制进行了解释,并提出了提高海洋经济效率的实现路径。