贵州省瓮福磷矿沉积环境及矿床成因探讨

瓮福磷矿沉积的有利场所是潮下海湾浅滩环境,而不是潮坪。海湾的大小又控制着矿床的规模,海滩能量的差异影响着磷矿石的不同结构成因类型。矿石的结构,从凝胶―细砂屑与砂屑颗粒由细变粗;岩石的颜色由灰褐、黑色(多陆屑、富有机炭及黄铁矿)变为浅灰、灰白色;矿层中P2O5含量随之渐增,而且CaO含量变化与P2O5含量变化同步,说明水动力条件由弱渐强,反映了沉积环境由潮汐作用为主的海湾环境。为此,陡山沱组以浅水碳酸盐优势岩相的地层条件是成磷的前提;温暖、干燥的古气候提供了有利于磷质的析出及沉积;适宜的海滩古地理环境提供了最佳的成矿场所;"黔中隆起"的古构造条件是磷矿的分布及富矿形成的最主要的控制因素。     

广西大厂锡矿长坡—铜坑矿区赋矿硅质岩研究

通过对大厂锡矿长坡―铜坑矿区主要赋矿层位硅质岩岩石学、岩石化学的研究,认为矿床赋矿硅质岩以及其中各类纹层、条带状含电气石、长石及硫化物的沉积物是海底热液循环系统中喷出海底的热水溶液以化学沉积方式形成的,生物可能参与了部分硅质岩的形成;另外,在某些热水沉积作用减弱时期,可能有少量陆源碎屑物质的加入,形成了硅质岩建造中少量绢云母泥质纹层条带;并且得出形成硅质岩的硅质来源,主要来自海底热卤水循环系统,部分来自海底中基性火山岩海解或脱玻的产物,硅质岩的形成同大厂锡矿床的形成在成因上有着一致性关系。     

贵州北部铝土矿地球化学特征及沉积环境分析

贵州北部产于二叠系中统梁山组底部含矿岩系中的铝土矿,厚度稳定、变化较小,矿石质量较好。近几年相继找到的大中型矿床接踵而至,是渝南—黔北铝土矿集区的重要组成部分。通过道真新民、岩坪、桃园和务川瓦厂坪等矿床中铝土矿(岩)微量元素、稀土元素地球化学特征及沉积环境地球化学标志的研究,论证了贵州北部铝土矿床具有相同的物源和陆相淡水沉积环境。     

黔北镇远地区三丘田剖面寒武系明心寺组上段滨岸相沉积特征及其地质意义

沉积环境分析是古地理重建的核心内容,黔北地区寒武系明心寺组沉积环境研究存在较大争议,以致对中上扬子地区明心寺组沉积期古地理格局的认识不能统一。选取寒武系明心寺组发育齐全、出露良好的黔北镇远地区三丘田剖面为研究对象,通过野外剖面观察、室内薄片鉴定及碎屑岩粒度分析等方法对三丘田剖面明心寺组岩石学特征、沉积构造、沉积演化序列、沉积相类型进行了详细分析。结果表明:黔北镇远地区三丘田剖面寒武系明心寺组上段发育大套的石英粉-细砂岩,沉积构造以低角度冲洗交错层理为主,碎屑颗粒的成分和结构成熟度均较高;三丘田剖面明心寺组上段砂岩以双次跳跃组分为主,悬浮组分含量较少,纵向剖面自下而上显示为浅水陆棚→临滨→前滨→后滨演化序列,呈典型的陆棚相向滨岸相变化。综上所述,黔北镇远地区三丘田剖面寒武系明心寺组上段的沉积相为滨岸相。黔北镇远地区明心寺组滨岸相沉积的出现,指示了黔北地区区域上重新认识明心寺组沉积相的必要性,将直接影响对黔北地区乃至中上扬子地区寒武纪古地理格局及其大地构造背景的认识。     

Prediction of depth‐integrated fluxes of suspended sediment in the Amazon River: particle aggregation as a complicating factor

Large rivers have been previously shown to be vertically heterogeneous in terms of suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration, as a result of sorting of suspended solids. Therefore, the spatial distribution of suspended sediments within the river section has to be known to assess the riverine sedimentary flux. Numerous studies have focused on the vertical distribution of SPM in a river channel from a theoretical or experimental perspective, but only a few were conducted so far on very large rivers. Moreover, a technique for the prediction of depth‐integrated suspended sediment fluxes in very large rivers based on sediment transport dynamics has not yet been proposed. We sampled river water along depth following several vertical profiles, at four locations on the Amazon River and its main tributaries and at two distinct water stages. Depending on the vertical profile, a one‐ to fivefold increase in SPM concentration is observed from river channel surface to bottom, which has a significant impact on the ‘depth‐averaged’ SPM concentration. For each cross section, a so‐called Rouse profile quantitatively accounts for the trend of SPM concentration increase with depth, and a representative Rouse number can be measured for each cross section. However, the prediction of this Rouse number would require the knowledge of the settling velocity of particles, which is dependent on the state of aggregation affecting particles within the river. We demonstrate that in the Amazon River, particle aggregation significantly influences the Rouse number and renders its determination impossible from grain‐size distribution data obtained in the lab. However, in each cross section, the Rouse profile obtained from the fit of the data can serve as a basis to model, at first order, the SPM concentration at any position in the river cross section. This approach, combined with acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) water velocity transects, allows us to accurately estimate the depth‐integrated instantaneous sediment flux. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Towards a climate event stratigraphy for New Zealand over the past 30 000 years (NZ‐INTIMATE project)

It is widely recognised that the acquisition of high‐resolution palaeoclimate records from southern mid‐latitude sites is essential for establishing a coherent picture of inter‐hemispheric climate change and for better understanding of the role of Antarctic climate dynamics in the global climate system. New Zealand is considered to be a sensitive monitor of climate change because it is one of a few sizeable landmasses in the Southern Hemisphere westerly circulation zone, a critical transition zone between subtropical and Antarctic influences. New Zealand has mountainous axial ranges that amplify the climate signals and, consequently, the environmental gradients are highly sensitive to subtle changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions. Since 1995, INTIMATE has, through a series of international workshops, sought ways to improve procedures for establishing the precise ages of climate events, and to correlate them with high precision, for the last 30 000 calendar years. The NZ‐INTIMATE project commenced in late 2003, and has involved virtually the entire New Zealand palaeoclimate community. Its aim is to develop an event stratigraphy for the New Zealand region over the past 30 000 years, and to reconcile these events against the established climatostratigraphy of the last glacial cycle which has largely been developed from Northern Hemisphere records (e.g. Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), Termination I, Younger Dryas). An initial outcome of NZ‐INTIMATE has been the identification of a series of well‐dated, high‐resolution onshore and offshore proxy records from a variety of latitudes and elevations on a common calendar timescale from 30 000 cal. yr BP to the present day. High‐resolution records for the last glacial coldest period (LGCP) (including the LGM sensu stricto) and last glacial–interglacial transition (LGIT) from Auckland maars, Kaipo and Otamangakau wetlands on eastern and central North Island, marine core MD97‐2121 east of southern North Island, speleothems on northwest South Island, Okarito wetland on southwestern South Island, are presented. Discontinuous (fragmentary) records comprising compilations of glacial sequences, fluvial sequences, loess accumulation, and aeolian quartz accumulation in an andesitic terrain are described. Comparisons with ice‐core records from Antarctica (EPICA Dome C) and Greenland (GISP2) are discussed. A major advantage immediately evident from these records apart from the speleothem record, is that they are linked precisely by one or more tephra layers. Based on these New Zealand terrestrial and marine records, a reasonably coherent, regionally applicable, sequence of climatically linked stratigraphic events over the past 30 000 cal. yr is emerging. Three major climate events are recognised: (1) LGCP beginning at ca. 28 000 cal. yr BP, ending at Termination I, ca. 18 000 cal. yr BP, and including a warmer and more variable phase between ca. 27 000 and 21 000 cal. yr BP, (2) LGIT between ca. 18 000 and 11 600 cal. yr BP, including a Lateglacial warm period from ca. 14 800 to 13 500 cal. yr BP and a Lateglacial climate reversal between ca. 13 500 and 11 600 cal. yr BP, and (3) Holocene interglacial conditions, with two phases of greatest warmth between ca. 11 600 and 10 800 cal. yr BP and from ca. 6 800 to 6 500 cal. yr BP. Some key boundaries coincide with volcanic tephras. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地层中的硅岩: 研究进展及展望*

硅岩是由自生石英形成的化学沉积岩,通常以层状或非层状(结核状、条带状)独自出现、与其他岩性互层出现及赋存于其他岩性地层中。硅岩不仅记录了大量盆地古地理、古海洋、古气候的地质信息,而且对于岩石大地构造学研究具有重要意义。前人对硅岩的研究取得了丰富的成果,近年来关于硅岩的新观点为硅岩的研究提供了新的思考途径和研究线索。通过调研近年来关于硅岩的岩石学特征、地球化学特征及沉积环境的研究,分析总结了不同地质历史时期、不同沉积环境、不同产状硅岩的形成模式、成因类型以及判别方式,认为硅岩的沉积不是单一因素控制的结果,而是地质构造活动强度、生物类型及活动性、沉积古环境的综合结果。常规地球化学元素结合岩石组构与微区分析、包裹体分析、新同位素(Rb-Sr和Sm-Nd)分析,以及新的地球化学判定标准(Ge/Si)是硅岩研究的必备手段和方法。     

阵发性洪水条件下辫状河型冲积扇构型研究:以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例*

白杨河冲积扇是由阵发性洪水期的碎屑流沉积物与间洪期辫状河沉积物组成的复合型冲积扇,其构型与碎屑流扇的构型和河流型扇的构型有很大的不同。本研究选取准噶尔盆地西北缘干旱气候下发育的现代白杨河冲积扇作为解剖实例,对103个天然剖面和9个人工大型探槽进行了详细测量,在沉积微相及不同级别的沉积构型的观测和分析的基础上,分析了阵发性洪水条件下间歇性辫状河型冲积扇体的地貌单元的演化过程和沉积构型特征,研究不同流态的阵发性洪水条件下各种建造和改造机制,明确受阵发性洪水控制的间歇性辫状河型冲积扇的沉积特征,建立了其沉积构型模式。认为: 在洪水期,阵发性洪流(碎屑流)形成席状化的片流(或片洪)沉积,在洪退期,随着洪水强度的减弱,又转变为辫流沉积,而在间洪期,仍有持续的辫状流体(牵引流)在限制性的水道中流动,并对洪水期的碎屑流沉积物进行改造,形成了限制性的(条带状的)辫状河道沉积,2个时期的沉积物在时空上频繁叠置,形成了一种更加复杂的沉积构型。该模式对油田地下冲积扇砂砾储集层的成因识别、预测及对比具有一定的参考价值。     

沧东—南皮凹陷孔店期古盐度与古环境演化

内陆封闭湖泊的盐度与湖平面具有同步反向变化的特点,通过古盐度研究可推测沉积时期的古气候状况。通过Sr/Ba、Th/U含量比值及C、O同位素的含量变化分析,对沧东—南皮凹陷孔店期各层序古盐度的变化进行系统研究,结合孢粉及岩性组合,推断该区孔店期的水体性质及各层序间古环境的演化。综合认为孔店期整体水体性质为半咸—微咸水,水体深度呈浅→深→浅的变化规律,古气候变化特征为半干旱→湿润→半干旱→干旱气候。     

川东北元坝西部须家河组二段优质储层展布特征研究

川东北元坝地区须家河组二段致密砂岩气资源潜力巨大,但储量探明率低、测试效果差异大,主要原因之一是致密砂岩储层非均质性强、优质储层分布规律不清。本文充分利用测录井、岩心及相关分析化验等资料,在分砂组刻画沉积微相展布的基础上,开展了须二段沉积演化过程、储层特征及其分布研究。结果表明：（1）元坝西部须二段经历了辫状河三角洲-滨浅湖-辫状河三角洲演化过程,沉积控制了砂体规模、粒度和矿物成分的空间变化;（2）须二段砂岩类型多样,整体致密,为低孔、低渗储层;储层物性与砂岩粒度,长石、石英和方解石胶结物含量等因素密切相关,这些因素主要受沉积和后期成岩作用控制;（3）须二段发育块状中粒长石岩屑砂岩和交错层理中粒石英砂岩两类有利岩石相,前者自西北向东南逐渐减薄、呈条带状展布,后者呈不连续土豆状,主体分布于西南部地区。