天然气水合物和地热资源组合评价方法

近年来的研究表明,海洋中天然气水合物的成藏和分布受温度的影响较大,一些海域中的天然气水合物资源与地热资源同时存在且有一定的分布规律。在利用地热开采天然气水合物基础上把2种资源结合起来利用,将会对海洋天然气水合物的开发有重要意义。参考组合评价相关经验公式,基于该开采方法对天然气水合物和地热资源组合评价提出了相关的方法研究,并通过实例应用,丰富了该开采方法的可行性的论证,并对于2种资源的综合利用的靶区优选有一定的指导作用。     

Lacustrine basin unconventional resource plays: Key differences

There has been a revival in hydrocarbon source rock characterization and development associated with growing interest in unconventional resources, where these fine-grained organic-rich rocks act as both source and reservoir. To-date, the exploration focus on shale reservoirs has been largely on marine systems. Lacustrine source rocks for conventional resources are geographically important, dominating regions such as China, Indonesia, and Brazil's resource-base. However, they have been generally untested for unconventional resources.There are a number of key differences in the nature of these hydrocarbon systems that should be considered when assessing whether lacustrine systems may represent future unconventional opportunities in areas where the conventional resource-base is dominated by lacustrine-sourced oil. Among the key differences between these depositional systems is the greater sensitivity to high frequency climatic variability within lacustrine systems. Lacustrine systems are highly sensitive to changes in the balance between precipitation and evaporation, which may lead to rapid changes in lake level, potentially exceeding 600 m. These changes in depositional conditions are geologically rapid and may occur over periods of thousands of years. Such changes can reduce the areal extent of potentially thick source rock intervals to only those portions of a basin where a permanent deep lake was present. Thus the core unconventional target area may be geographically limited compared with their marine counterpart. Although potentially areally limited, a review of many lacustrine source rocks suggests that their thicknesses are often significantly greater than marine source rocks. An examination of the more distal portions of lacustrine systems, where better source rock potential is present reveals that there is generally limited connectivity between source and conventional reservoir. In these settings, such as the Wind River basin (Waltman Shale), the hydrocarbons remain trapped within the shales, potentially leading to over-pressured hydrocarbon charged systems. Such conditions suggest that although areally limited, viable unconventional targets may exist, if suitable reservoir conditions are present. Finally, the character of the oils produced is different in these settings, with lacustrine oils being waxy and displaying different hydrocarbon generation and cracking kinetics. High wax oils display distinct flow characteristics, being more viscous, and may offer different production challenges than their non-waxy marine equivalents. Additionally, differences in their cracking kinetics may indicate that the timing of gas generation for shale gas plays may differ significantly from marine systems.     

A sand-production control system for gas production from clayey silt hydrate reservoirs

Sand production is a crucial problem during the process of extracting natural gas from hydrate reservoirs. To deal with sand-production problems systematically, a sand-production control system (SCS) is first proposed in this paper, specialized for pore-distributed clayey silt hydrate reservoirs. Secondly, a nodal system analysis method (NSAM) is applied to analyze the sand migration process during hydrate exploitation. The SCS is divided into three sub-systems, according to different sand migration mechanisms, and three key scientific problems and advances in SCS research in China Geological Survey are reviewed and analyzed. The maximum formation sanding rate, proper sand-control gravel size, and borehole blockage risk position were provided for clayey hydrate exploitation wells based on the SCS analysis. The SCS sub-systems are closely connected via bilateral coupling, and coordination of the subsystems is the basis of maintaining formation stability and prolonging the gas production cycle. Therefore, contradictory mitigation measures between sand production and operational systems should be considered preferentially. Some novel and efficient hydrate exploitation methods are needed to completely solve the contradictions caused by sand production.© 2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

气体、泡沫等欠平衡钻井条件下感应测井应用分析

对气体、泡沫等欠平衡钻井条件下测井方式进行阐述,通过不同钻井液电阻率下对感应测井进行数字模拟,发现气体、泡沫等介质对感应测井影响较小。天然气介质和原油介质条件下感应测井现场实验的资料分析说明,感应测井在气体、泡沫等欠平衡钻井条件下可行。     

南海东北部陆坡水合物钻探区海底表层热导率分布特征

依据获取的热导率测量数据和多波束数据所反映的海底地貌特征,分析了南海东北部陆坡天然气水合物钻探区表层沉积物矿物组成、粒级以及区域地貌特征对热导率分布的控制作用。研究结果表明,钻探区表层沉积物热导率平均值为(1.26±0.12) W/(m·k),相对于南海北部陆坡热导率背景偏高,沉积物组分中既含有陆源浊流沉积体中的高热导率矿物,也含有由甲烷等为主要气源的生物化学反应而形成的具有高热导率特性的碳酸盐。钻探区表层沉积物热导率区域细节分布具有非常明显的特征,2区和5区属于海台地貌,海底表层分布有大面积的碳酸盐结壳,由于底流的剥蚀作用导致沉积物粒级相对较粗,呈现高值热导率(1.32±0.06) W/(m·k)和(1.34±0.06) W/(m·k),并以此为中心向周缘逐级降低;位于海底海槽处的1区和8区则属于海槽地貌,海底表层易于接受来自海台的过滤沉积物,粒级相对较细但压实程度较低,呈现低值热导率,分别为(1.10±0.06) W/(m·k)和(1.01±0.06) W/(m·k)。钻探区表层沉积物热导率偏高主要受控于内生地质作用控制下高流体疏导所携带的化学组分,而热导率的非均匀分布则受控于外生地质作用诸如地貌地形变化导致的粒级分布状况。     

南黄海盆地“三明治”结构的页岩气保存条件探讨

为了促进南黄海盆地中-古生界页岩气勘探的早日突破,开展了美国福特沃斯盆地巴奈特页岩气藏、四川盆地页岩气藏以及贵州潜在页岩气藏保存条件的对比研究。结果显示,“三明治”结构的保存条件在页岩气成藏中至关重要,其中,“三明治”结构是指泥岩/页岩层与其顶、底板的灰岩/白云岩层构成的一种很好的储-盖组合。结合下扬子中-古生界发育特征以及南黄海崂山隆起所具有的古生代构造变形弱且隆起两侧边缘存在逆冲断层封堵等条件认为,南黄海盆地下寒武统和二叠系很可能存在“三明治”结构的页岩气保存条件,是南黄海页岩气获得突破的关键层段;而崂山隆起两侧边缘很可能是页岩气钻探的首选目标。     

深冷环境下海水冷冻淡化性能试验研究

提出利用液态天然气(LNG)冷能实现海水冷冻淡化,针对LNG的储运工艺,开展海水在超低温环境下的过冷度、结晶、脱盐等机理研究。试验测试了海水在电导率为20～40 mS/cm、冷冻温度为-30～-80℃冷冻条件下,制冰率、制冰速率、脱盐率等性能指标,并分析了影响各性能指标的因素,得出了超低温工况下系统最优过程参数。该研究结果为基于LNG冷能实现海水冷冻淡化的工程设计提供了必要的技术基础和设计依据。     

南海北部深水区新生代岩浆岩分布规律及其与海底地质灾害的相关性

前人对南海北部新生代陆缘盆地结构、构造样式和期次等做了大量的研究工作,但对于具体体现内动力过程的岩浆活动关注较少,尤其是北部深水区的研究鲜有涉及。本文基于二维地震剖面的解译分析,将南海北部新生代岩浆岩划分为3个集中分布区:琼东南-西沙区、神狐区和东沙区。各区域岩浆岩的产出状态有所差异,其中琼东南-西沙区岩浆岩的平面展布规律性极强,主要受右行右阶的走滑断裂控制;神狐区岩浆岩位于NW向与NE向断裂的交汇处,侵位空间受先存断裂制约;东沙区岩浆岩的产生与东沙运动期间区域伸展过程有直接关系。作为内动力的表征,岩浆作用对于海底地形地貌具有重要的改造作用,与活动断裂、海底滑坡、浅层气等海底地质灾害也具有成因上的关联。     

南海北部陆缘合浦盆地烃源岩特征与低熟油气及生物气勘探前景

南海北部陆缘广西合浦盆地油气勘探迄今尚未取得突破,其根本原因是对该区基本油气地质条件及油气地质规律认识尚不够深入。合浦盆地主要烃源岩与百色盆地一样,均属成熟度偏低的始新统中深湖相暗色泥质岩系,其低熟烃源岩与低熟油气特征及其成藏地质条件亦基本一致。在深入分析研究合浦盆地低熟烃源岩有机质丰度、生源母质类型及热演化特征的基础上,重点对其低熟油气及生物气的地球化学特征与百色盆地进行了类比,指出合浦盆地古近系具备低熟油气/生物气的基本地质条件,其油气勘探方向及勘探策略,应借鉴百色盆地的成功经验,重点勘探寻找低熟油气及生物气资源。     

微焦X射线扫描成像技术在岩石物性特征研究的现状

微焦X射线扫描成像技术是在微米—纳米级尺度上对储层岩石物性特征的重构及透视表征,是目前国际范围内较为先进的储层定性定量研究技术。在系统文献资料研究基础上,对微焦X射线扫描成像技术的原理及研究主要内容进行归纳总结,指出该技术是为研究岩石基质及赋存于不同岩石孔隙空间之中的流体而开发建立的不断成熟起来的油气储层定性定量研究技术。可以实现岩石整体、岩石骨架和孔隙三维重构,能够以透视岩心成像的方式直观清晰地观察分析岩石内部三维孔隙空间的分布、大小及其连通性。通过阈值分割,可对孔隙三维组构、孔隙网络中流体流动、天然气水合物生成与分解等特征进行建模分析,达到四维研究的水平。分析探讨了原理及前人研究实例,对其在油气和天然气水合物实际勘探开发运用中的现状及前景做出展望。