Cloud/Fog Water Chemistry at a High Elevation Site in South Korea

Cloud/fog water samples were collected at Daekwanreung (840 m msl), a ridge site, in South Korea, from March 2002 to September 2003, by using a Caltech type, self fabricated active strand cloud water collector. The pH, electrical conductivity and major ion concentrations were analyzed. The cloud water pH ranged from 3.6 to 6.8 with an average of 5.2, which was close to the atmospheric neutral point. However, the pH calculated from average concentrations of H+ was 4.7, indicating the cloud/fog water was weakly acidified. SO₄ ²⁻, NO₃ ⁻ and NH₄ ⁺ are predominant ions of which average concentrations were 203.1, 128.1, and 211.7 μeq⋅L⁻¹, respectively. Samples were categorized into four groups by applying 48-hour back trajectory analysis, using the HYbrid Single-Particle Largrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. Chemical compositions for the four cases significantly differed from each other. For air masses transported from the East Sea (group E), sea salt concentrations, including Na⁺, Cl⁻ Mg²⁺, were relatively high. Principal acidifying pollutants, such as NO₃ ⁻ and nss-SO₄ ²⁻, significantly increased in the case of air masses transported from the Northeast Asian continent through North Korea (group N) and air masses from the Seoul metropolitan area (group W). However, the mean pH of group N was the highest while the mean pH of group W was the lowest. This suggests that most NO₃ ⁻ and nss-SO₄ ²⁻ in cloud/fog water was neutralized by ammonia and calcium compounds under the influence of air masses transported from Northeast Asia. N/S ratio for the group W was significantly higher than those for the other three groups, suggesting nitrogen species transported from the Seoul metropolitan area contributed to acidification of cloud/fog water at Daekwanreung. Principle Component analysis (PCA) was applied to the cloud/fog water data for presenting characteristics in the four different categories.     

LBS中位置及其语义的研究

阐述了两种LBS位置表示方法，引入了语义位置的概念，对现有的语义位置概念作了修正。强调了位置属性也是语义位置的重要组成部分。通过对位置概念内涵和外延的分析，讨论了位置属性所包括的内容；运用层次建模，实现了位置之间关系的描述。为了能够规范化地描述语义位置，运用本体技术，对位置所包含的语义信息进行了描述，建立了能够被计算机识别和处理的OWI。位置本体模型。通过对语义位置的本体建模，实现了位置信息的知识化描述，为实现个性化服务奠定了基础。     

Quality of service management framework for dynamic chaining of geographic information services

Dynamic chaining of geographic information services (geo-services) is gaining popularity as a new paradigm for evolving flexible geo-information systems and for providing on-demand access to geo-information. In dynamic chaining, disparate geo-services are discovered and composed at run time to yield more elaborate functionality and create value-added geo-information. Common approaches to service chaining discover and compose disparate geo-services based on the functional capability of individual geo-services. The primary concern of common approaches is thus the emergent behavior of the resulting composite geo-service. However, as geo-services become mundane and take on a greater and more strategic role in mission critical processes, deliverable quality of service (QoS) becomes an important concern. QoS concerns operational characteristics of a service that determine its utility in an application context. To address pertinent QoS requirements, a new approach to service chaining becomes necessary. In this paper we propose a QoS-aware chaining approach in which geo-services are discovered, composed and executed considering both functional and QoS requirements. We prescribe a QoS management framework that defines fundamental principles, concepts and mechanisms which can be applied to evolve an effective distributed computing platform for QoS-aware chaining of geo-services – the so-called geo-service infrastructure. The paper also defines an extensible QoS model for services delivered by dynamic compositions of geo-services. The process of orthophoto generation is used to demonstrate the applicability of the prescribed framework to service-oriented geographic information processing.     

雹云的3参数概率判别法

根据山东省雷达回波资料,天气和灾情实况,统计了回波顶高Ｈｍ强回波区顶高Ｈｚ回波强度Ｚ与降雹概率的关系,给出单,双参数判别雹云的指标,提出用３参数降雹条件概率法判别雹云,指出了３参数识别指标对降雹的预示作用,这对强对流天气的短期预报具有一定的实用价值。     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUD LIQUID WATER CONTENT BY SPACE-BORNE COMBINED RADAR-RADIOMETER*

A retrieval method of microwave(MW) space-borne remote sensing of cloud liquid water content by the combined radar-radiometer is suggested.A three-layer cloud model is chosen to represent the typical stratified precipitating cloud.The retrieval method mainly follows our previously suggested scheme with some modifications.Numerical comparative study shows that in space-borne remote sensing of cloud liquid water content by the combined method is much better than by radar only;Also the retrieval accuracy of cloud liquid water content may be improved when using the three-layer cloud model in the combined method.     

一次西风槽系统的云微物理结构分析

对１９９１年４月１６日影响河北地区中南部的一次西槽天气过程形成的降水性层状云微物理结构进行了分析。结果表明，降水主要发生在层状云的中上层，存在可供催化的过冷层和过冷水，但云体下层的供水云较薄，云底偏高，不利于降水的发展；实施人工增雨作业后，云层微结构出现相应变化（云滴和雨滴含水量增加，滴谱拓宽等）作业区与影响区雨量普遍增加，并与催化时间相吻合，这些可能与人工影响有关。     

The Spatial Markets of Cities Organized in a Hierarchical System*

Mounting evidence indicates that large, world-class cities have expanded their spatial markets well beyond the regional urban systems in which they are located. This has led many observers to conclude that in the contemporary economy, interdependence, interaction, and connectivity are no longer fundamental characteristics of hierarchical urban systems. Virtually all research, however, deals exclusively with the changing role of large cities, while the spatial markets of medium- and smaller-sized cities comprising an urban system have been ignored. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate whether the spatial markets of medium- and smaller-sized cities in an urban hierarchical system continue to display a systematic relationship with city size, or whether they also reveal the absence of connection, or integration, with the regional system. The analysis uses survey data collected from 480 producer service firms located in an urban hierarchy comprising 15 midwestern cities of the United States. The results indicate that the spatial market of the largest city (Chicago) extends well beyond the Midwest urban hierarchy, while the spatial markets of smaller-sized cities are more integrated within the hierarchical system.     

9608台风内区云系结构演变与路径变化

本文利用逐时数字化卫星云图，详细分析了９６０８（ＨＥＲＢ）台风在近海区的路经变化趋势与台风内区云系结构演变的相互关系。结果表明：台风云人区强对流云团的非对称发展，使台风内力发生变化，是导致台风路径两次打转和波浪式前进的主要原因。     

影响华北地区的黄河气旋过程分析

利用每小时数值云图、ＴＢＢ资料，常规天气图资料和数值产品资料，分析了１９９４年６月２４－２６日黄河气旋过程，讨论了环境场条件，不同尺度云团的相互作用对气旋生成的影响，给出了中尺度云团的发展演变以及与强降雨的关系，揭示了气旋降雨的中尺度特征，概括了气旋发生发展的综合模型，对气旋的短期预报有一定的参考价值。     

Particle size truncation effect on the inference of effective particle diameter

The effective ice crystal particle diameter (De) of cirrus clouds can be inferred by comparing the measured radar / lidar backscattering ratio with the theoretically calculated one. The calculated ratios are based upon assump-tions of ice crystal particle density and size distribution, and it will be affected by the artificially assumed particle size ranges. This size truncation effect on the inference of effective particle diameter will be investigated theoretically by assuming the cirrus ice particle spherical and particle density of 0.9g / cm3. Results show that the truncation at large particle end has very small effect on the inference of De , but the truncation at the small particle end will have some ef-fect on the inference of De.