成都市城市道路塌陷成因及快速探测方法

城市道路塌陷严重危害城市公共安全,对城市道路塌陷隐患进行快速、准确、绿色的探测,有助于减少城市地下病害发育,提升城市安全运营能力。通过调查分析,成都市城市道路塌陷的主要成因包括地质结构复杂、地下水丰富、人类工程活动频繁等。采用车载三维探地雷达对城市道路进行快速探测,建立了以探测、解译、验证、评估、成果及信息化管理为系统的探测体系。实践表明,车载三维探地雷达是快速探测城市道路塌陷隐患的有效方法。     

Social cohesion and passive adaptation in relation to climate change and disease

Climate change affects biophysical processes related to the transmission of many infectious diseases, with potentially adverse consequences for the health of communities. While our knowledge of biophysical associations between meteorological factors and disease is steadily improving, our understanding of the social processes that shape adaptation to environmental perturbations lags behind. Using computational modeling methods, we explore the ways in which social cohesion can affect adaptation of disease prevention strategies when communities are exposed to different environmental scenarios that influence transmission pathways for diseases such as diarrhea. We developed an agent-based model in which household agents can choose between two behavioral strategies that offer different levels of protection against environmentally mediated disease transmission. One behavioral strategy is initially set as more protective, leading households to adopt it widely, but its efficacy is sensitive to variable weather conditions and stressors such as floods or droughts that modify the disease transmission system. The efficacy of the second strategy is initially moderate relative to the first and is insensitive to environmental changes. We examined how social cohesion (defined as average number of household social network connections) influences health outcomes when households attempt to identify an optimal strategy by copying the behaviors of socially connected neighbors who seem to have adapted successfully in the past. Our simulation experiments suggest that high-cohesion communities are able to rapidly disseminate the initially optimal behavioral strategy compared to low-cohesion communities. This rapid and pervasive change, however, decreases behavioral diversity; i.e., once a high cohesion community settles on a strategy, most or all households adopt that behavior. Following environmental changes that reduce the efficacy of the initially optimal strategy, rendering it suboptimal relative to the alternative strategy, high-cohesion communities can fail to adapt. As a result, despite faring better early in the course of computational experiments, high-cohesion communities may ultimately experience worse outcomes. In the face of uncertainty in predicting future environmental stressors due to climate change, strategies to improve effective adaptation to optimal disease prevention strategies should balance between intervention efforts that promote protective behaviors based on current scientific understanding and the need to guard against the crystallization of inflexible norms. Developing generalizable models allows us to integrate a wide range of theories and multiple datasets pertaining to the relationship between social mechanisms and adaptation, which can provide further understanding of future climate change impacts. Models such as the one we present can generate hypotheses about the mechanisms that underlie the dynamics of adaptation events and suggest specific points of measurement to assess the impact of these mechanisms. They can be incorporated as modules within predictive simulations for specific socio-ecological contexts.     

基于扫描统计的甲型H1N1流感聚集性分析

扫描统计已被广泛应用于地域性疾病的聚集性检测,且可检测这种聚集的差异显著性。文中使用扫描统计的方法,通过对2009~2012年全国各省的甲型H1N1流感数据进行时空扫描以及逐年的空间扫描,生成高发病率地区和低发病率地区聚类,并通过叠置分析反映各个地区归入聚类的频次。利用专题地图和统计表分析甲型流感在2009~2012年中的爆发情况和趋势,并对结果进行客观的分析。     

Wheat as food, wheat as industrial substance; comparative geographies of transformation and mobility

Wheat is the world’s second largest crop, supplies 19% of human calories, and is the largest volume crop traded internationally. Its uniquely malleable physical properties make it a valued industrial substance, albeit often an invisible one, as well as a food. This combination of transformation, invisibility and mobility demands new ways of thinking about wheat geographies. In this paper we document and analyse several ‘moments’ in the life of Australian wheat; at the supermarket, in the lives of coeliac sufferers, in laboratories, industrial factories and on the farm. We illustrate diverse patterns of interaction with wheat. The major plane of differentiation is between wheat as food and wheat as industrial substance. The explicit connection of food to the human body tends to fix the identity of wheat, whether as healthy staple of the nation, or harmful poison to coeliacs who must negotiate its presence using the regulatory regime of food labelling. This is no small task given the ubiquity of wheat; our survey of 10,235 supermarket items found it in 29.5% of labelled food items. In contrast, when wheat is physically and chemically disassembled to become an industrial substance, its presence and identity become mutable, hidden and often invisible.     

中国大骨节病区水环境化学组分特征研究综述

大骨节病发病机理复杂,病因研究没有取得统一的认识,但多数学者认为大骨节病与病区饮水存在关系。本文查阅了近30年大骨节病的研究文献,从常量组分、微量元素、有机物三方面总结病区水化学组分研究成果进行了综述。认为国内外学者大骨节病的研究方面已取得很多成果,但仍有许多不同看法和争议,尚需继续深入研究。     

Hydrogeochemical anomalies of fluorine in Transbaikalia, Russia

本文通过对在外贝加尔大骨节病区水文地球化学研究结果表明,该地区天然水呈现出高浓度的磷(高达3.5 me/L),同时,锰、硅、铅等元素也呈现出高浓度的地球化学特征.分析水文地球化学数据,认为大骨节病可能与生物地球化学性质的多种因素有关系.进一步研究大骨节病的成因机制需要新的可靠的环境地球化学数据.     

壤塘县大骨节病与地质环境的关系研究

通过对阿坝州壤塘县大骨节病区地质环境特征的调查,分析研究大骨节病与地形地貌、地层岩性、饮水水源及饮水水质的相关关系,并探讨大骨节病区改水方向,为病区综合防治大骨节病提供地质科学依据。     

山东黄河冲积平原区地氟病与地球化学环境相关性研究

山东黄河冲积平原区是山东省地氟病的重病区,危害严重。选择其中的郓城、嘉祥、博兴3县进行土壤氟含量、饮水氟含量、儿童尿氟、儿童氟斑牙检出率、氟斑牙指数、成人尿氟、成人氟骨症检出率等指标进行调查,结果表明区内土壤、饮水氟含量和群体的尿氟含量普遍较高,高氟的危害和地方性氟中毒病情十分严重。在分析氟元素在土壤、饮水中的分布及变化规律的基础上,开展地方性氟中毒病与生态地球化学环境相关性研究,认为地方性氟中毒病与土壤中氟含量、饮水氟含量呈正相关关系。     

石质文物风化病害防治的环境地质问题

石质文物的风化病害防治必须重视对地质环境的研究 ,地质环境的研究是彻底根治风化病害的前提。论述了风化病害的类型和机理 ,讨论了影响风化的主要环境因素和环境地质问题 ,提出了风化病害防治的原则与对策。     

黑龙江省区域地球化学与地甲病、大骨节病关联性初探

采用多种数据处理方法将黑龙江省１：５０万区域地球化学资料应用于环境问题的研究。通过将该省两种地方病发病率分布与土壤、水系沉积物中地球化学元素分布进行对比，发现地方病发病率受多种因素综合制约，也与元素分布之间存在一定的关系。其中大骨节病高发区与土壤中Ａｓ、Ｂａ，Ｓｒ、Ｐｂ高背景区有关；地甲病高发区与土壤中Ｍｏ、Ｍｎ、Ｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ高背景区有关。由此初步确定了地方性甲状腺肿病与大骨节病致病的地球化学环境。