裸体方格星虫和可口革囊星虫精子超微结构的比较分析

用透射电子显微镜,观察了裸体方格星虫和可口革囊星虫精子的超微结构.这2种星虫成熟精子均由头部、中部和尾部组成,但其精子头部的超微结构不尽相同:裸体方格星虫精子的头部与可口革囊星虫精子的头部相比较小,由棒状"八"字形顶体与哑铃形细胞核及顶体下腔构成,而顶体下腔内没有明显的顶体棒结构.可口革囊格星虫精子的头部虽也由顶体、顶体下腔和核组成,其顶体呈圆弧形,精核为鸭梨形,核物质电子密度高,核内含空泡,顶体下腔中似有一顶体棒结构.这2种星虫精子的中部和尾部基本类似,仅中部的线粒体数目不同,裸体方格星虫精子的线粒体略少,有4～5个,而可口革囊星虫精子有5～7个.精子的尾部由远端中心粒延伸而出,均为细长鞭状,由轴丝及包绕轴丝的质膜组成,轴丝为典型的"9+2"结构.研究结果表明,精子的超微结构可以作为鉴别这2种星虫的依据.     

乌苏里拟鲿(Pseudobagrus ussuriensis)精子的超微结构

利用透射电子显微镜观察乌苏里拟鲿(Pseudobagrus ussuriensis)精子的超微结构。结果表明,乌苏里拟鲿精子由头部、中段和尾部组成。头部呈球形或椭圆球形,核前端无顶体,后端有植入窝。中段包括中心粒复合体和袖套。植入窝从细胞核的后端陷入核中。中心粒复合体位于植入窝内,包括近端中心粒和远端中心粒。袖套与细胞核后端相连,袖套中含有丰富的线粒体。尾部主要结构是轴丝,为典型的"9+2"结构,轴丝外两侧为细胞质膜形成的对称性鳍样结构。尾部内无囊泡及其他细胞器。     

斜带髭鲷后肠、头肾和脾脏中肥大细胞超微结构观察

应用电镜技术研究了斜带髭鲷的后肠、头肾及脾脏中肥大细胞的超微结构。结果显示:在所研究的器官组织中均发现有肥大细胞,但以后肠和头肾分布较多;这些肥大细胞的表面具有胞质突起或表面折叠。根据其特征性胞浆颗粒所含特殊亚结构的不同,可初步认为斜带髭鲷肥大细胞可能存在Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型两种亚型。Ⅰ型肥大细胞主要分布于后肠粘膜固有层、粘膜下层和头肾的结缔组织中,其特征性胞浆颗粒具有微粒样特殊亚结构;Ⅱ型肥大细胞仅分布于头肾和脾脏的结缔组织中,其特征性胞浆颗粒则具有漩涡样、线团样、蜂巢样、细粒状、无定形和混合型等多种晶格状特殊亚结构。同时,这两种亚型肥大细胞均存在脱颗粒现象。由观察结果可知,斜带髭鲷后肠、头肾及脾脏中存在大量的肥大细胞,并且其特征性胞浆颗粒具有精细的特殊亚结构。     

Hg~(2+)对水鳖(Hydrocharis dubia)叶片生理生化及超微结构的毒害效应

研究了不同浓度Hg2 +对水鳖叶片光合放氧速率、呼吸速率、细胞膜透性、硝酸还原酶活性以及超微结构的毒害影响 .结果表明 ,随着Hg2 +浓度的增加 ,水鳖叶片的光合放氧速率逐渐下降 ,呼吸速率、硝酸还原酶活性先升后降 ,而细胞膜透性则逐渐上升 .电镜观察发现 ,水鳖叶细胞遭受Hg2 +毒害初期 ,染色质凝集 ,叶绿体中类囊体片层以及线粒体嵴突膨胀 .随着叶细胞遭受毒害程度的加深 ,核膜破裂 ,染色质与核质消失 ,叶绿体膨胀解体 ,线粒体空泡化     

Diet of Haplognathia ruberrima (Gnathostomulida) in a Caribbean marine mangrove

Haplognathia ruberrima is a cosmopolitan gnathostomulid species found in sulfur bacterial mats in mangroves in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Haplognathia ruberrima presents a δ¹³C value lower than all measured meiofaunal grazers and lower than the available measured food sources of this environment. This low δ¹³C value can not be due to specific ingestion of ¹³C‐depleted methanogenic bacteria because abundances of those bacteria are reduced in surficial and deep sediments as revealed by δ¹³C of bacterial fatty acid. According to scanning electron microscope observations, no bacterial ectosymbionts were observed at the surface of the gnathostomulids, and transmission electron microscope views revealed the absence of bacterial endosymbionts. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis detected low levels of sulfur (0.32%±0.8) in biological tissues of H. ruberrima, confirming the absence of thioautotrophic bacterial symbionts in these animals. Consequently, the low δ¹³C value of H. ruberrima can not be due to the presence of sulfur‐oxidizing symbionts but more probably to the selective and exclusive consumption of free‐living, sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria.     

银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼饥饿前后侧囊及肝脏超微结构的变化

分别采用扫描和透射电镜, 观察了正常和饥饿5d银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼的食道侧囊及肝脏超微结构的变化。结果表明, 正常银鲳幼鱼侧囊内壁具有许多平均高度为800?m的乳突, 上有次级突起。乳突黏膜由复层扁平上皮构成, 上皮细胞表面有指纹状的微嵴, 有缓解上皮细胞的机械损伤作用; 银鲳肝脏具肝血窦、胆小管、狄氏窦等结构, 肝细胞排列较紧密, 内含丰富的细胞器和脂滴, 核仁大而明显, 线粒体数目多, 多分布在细胞核、内质网和狄氏窦周围。饥饿后, 侧囊乳突变低矮, 平均高度700?m, 乳突上黏膜变薄, 逐渐退缩, 次级突起顶端露出了尖刺状的角质刺; 肝细胞体积缩小, 核变小, 细胞器数目减少, 线粒体水肿, 粗面内质网数量显著降低, 脂滴数量降低, 这是银鲳幼鱼对饥饿的生理性防御。     

重金属胁迫对两种海洋饵料微藻的急性毒性效应研究

在模拟生态环境条件下研究了铜(Cu2+)、镉(Cd2+)和锌(Zn2+)3种重金属离子对2种海洋饵料微藻(青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolandica)和等鞭金藻8701(Isochrysis galbana 8701))的急性毒性效应,分析其对种群增长的影响,并利用透射电镜对微藻亚显微结构的变化进行分析。在实验浓度范围内,2种微藻的种群增长对3种重金属离子的急性胁迫表现出类似的变化趋势,随着胁迫浓度的增加,微藻的相对增长率均呈现出不断下降的趋势;通过比较2种微藻的48hEC50和96h-EC50发现:3种重金属离子的毒性程度为Cu2+Cd2+Zn2+,等鞭金藻8701对重金属胁迫的敏感性高于青岛大扁藻。2种微藻的亚显微结构观察显示,二者的膜结构及细胞核对Cu2+胁迫并不太敏感;与对照组相比等鞭金藻8701的色素体及贮能物质受影响较严重,而青岛大扁藻的叶绿体及淀粉粒受影响较大。     

Phylogenomic analysis of transcriptomic sequences of mitochondria and chloroplasts for marine red algae (Rhodophyta) in China

The chloroplast and mitochondrion of red algae （Phylum Rhodophyta） may have originated from different endosymbiosis. In this study, we carried out phylogenomic analysis to distinguish their evolutionary lin-eages by using red algal RNA-seq datasets of the 1 000 Plants （1KP） Project and publicly available complete genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts of Rhodophyta. We have found that red algae were divided into three clades of orders, Florideophyceae, Bangiophyceae and Cyanidiophyceae. Taxonomy resolution for Class Florideophyceae showed that Order Gigartinales was close to Order Halymeniales, while Order Graci-lariales was in a clade of Order Ceramials. We confirmed Prionitis divaricata （Family Halymeniaceae） was closely related to the clade of Order Gracilariales, rather than to genus Grateloupia of Order Halymeniales as reported before. Furthermore, we found both mitochondrial and chloroplastic genes in Rhodophyta under negative selection （Ka/Ks〈1）, suggesting that red algae, as one primitive group of eukaryotic algae, might share joint evolutionary history with these two organelles for a long time, although we identified some dif-ferences in their phylogenetic trees. Our analysis provided the basic phylogenetic relationships of red algae, and demonstrated their potential ability to study endosymbiotic events.     

Serpulids living deep: calcareous tubeworms beyond the abyss

Although the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) for calcite, generally located in the depth range 4000–5000 m, is often proposed as a physiological barrier to deep-ocean colonization, many organisms with calcareous exoskeletons are found in the deepest oceanic trenches. Serpulid polychaetes inhabiting unprotected calcareous tubes are unlikely deep-sea inhabitants, yet, they are found at all oceanic depths from intertidal to hadal. Here we review and revise the published and unpublished records of Serpulidae from below 5000 m depth. We also describe tube ultrastructure and mineralogical content of available deep-sea serpulid tubes to obtain insights into their biomineralisation. Species belonging to the genera Bathyditrupa, Bathyvermilia, Hyalopomatus, Pileolaria (spirorbin) and Protis were found at depths from 5020 to 9735 m. However, only specimens of Protis sp. were truly hadal (>6000 m) being found at 6200–9700 m. Hadal specimens of Protis have irregularly oriented prismatic tube microstructure similar to that found in more shallow-water representatives of the genus. Initial EDX analysis suggested a mostly calcitic composition (i.e., the most stable CaCO₃ polymorph) on the basis of high Mg levels. Surprisingly, however, tubes of Bathyditrupa hovei and a species of Protis analysed using the more reliable method of laser Raman spectroscopy were found to be composed of aragonite. The compensation depth for this less stable CaCO₃ polymorph in the oceans is usually 2000–3000 m. We found no obvious structural adaptations to life at extreme depths in the studied serpulid tubes and how serpulids are able to biomineralise and maintain their tubes below the CCD remains to be explained.     

星康吉鳗精子的超微结构研究

为探讨星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)精子的超微结构和形态,应用扫描电镜和透射电镜对星康吉鳗精子结构进行观察。结果表明,精子由头部、中段和鞭毛3部分组成,有其独特的结构,总长度为35.75± 1.15µm。精子头部为新月形,主要由细胞核构成,细胞核内有核泡,无顶体结构。精子头部的质膜内包含单一的线粒体。精子头部长为3.33±0.16 um,头宽为1.12±0.13 um。在精子头部的凸面上,有4条从中段到头端的条纹。精子中段伸出一支根,支根位于精子的中段末端。精子中段长度为0.55±0.05 um,支根长度为1.38±0.08 um、直径为90.48±6.06 nm。精子尾部鞭毛细长,鞭毛横切面呈圆形,无侧鳍,鞭毛的轴丝结构为“9+0”型;一些鞭毛的末端呈现卷曲状,发育机制尚不明确。精子鞭毛长为31.16±1.51µm,鞭毛直径为0.17±0.01µm。通过比较分析发现精子的这些形态学特征不仅表现在星康吉鳗精子,还表现在鳗鲡目其他属的精子;表明是鳗鲡目精子的共同特征。本研究揭示了星康吉鳗精子的形态结构,为突破星康吉鳗人工繁殖技术提供了理论参考。