欧氏障碍空间的最短路径问题解法

提出了利用地图代数栅格路径距离变换原理求解欧氏障碍空间最短路径问题的方法(MA-ESPO),实现了二维障碍空间最短路径的一个栅格解法,并且把障碍物、源、汇图形都扩大到任意形态图形。给出了基于地图代数的障碍空间下距离变换方法(MA-DTO),其简便地生成了整个障碍空间所有点的趋源距离,从而成为E2生成所定义障碍空间下各任意形态图形的Voronoi图的实际方法。     

Migrant worker centers: contending with downgrading in the low-wage labor market

Mass migration to major USA cities is reworking patterns of ethnic jobholding and labor market segmentation. Employers in a variety of industries have turned to recent migrants, many of whom are not authorized to work in the USA, as a stable labor supply for low-wage jobs. As a result, many migrant workers enter urban economies through precarious jobs in low-wage industries and the informal economy where they often endure routine violations of labor and employment laws. This paper examines the activities of a “migrant worker center” in improving wages and working conditions in migrant labor markets. Through a case study of a worker center located in a port-of-entry immigrant neighborhood on Chicago’s Southwest Side, we examine the geographies of the low-wage labor market and the problems that have arisen for workers who hold jobs that effectively exist beyond the reach of government regulation. We argue that migrant worker centers will likely emerge as a key resource for workers who are drawn to global cities by the promise of economic opportunity yet confront harsh conditions in the local labor markets in which they are employed.     

江滩暴雨中尺度特征数值模拟

本文使用中尺度模式MM4模拟了江滩流域1991年7月6日－7月的暴雨过程，结果表明，引发此次暴雨的中尺度气施内存在中－β尺度的雨团，雨团的位置随时间的演变具有较明显的规律性，中尺度气施内存在明显的与雨区位置相对应的双涡度中心双辐合中心，其位置与预测资料的诊断分析结果较一致。     

Newtonian and relativistic periodic orbits around two fixed black holes

We compare families of simple periodic orbits of test particles in the Newtonian and relativistic problems of two fixed centers (black holes). The Newtonian problem is integrable, while the relativistic problem is highly non-integrable.The orbits are calculated on the meridian plane through the fixed centersM ₁ (atz=+1) andM ₂ (atz=–1) for energies smaller than the escape energyE=1. We use prolate spheroidal coordinates (, , =const) and also the variables =cosh and =–cos . The orbits are inside a curve of zero velocity (CZV). The Newtonian orbits are also limited by an ellipse and a hyperbola, or by two eillipses. There are 3 main types of periodic orbits (1) elliptic type (around both centers), (2) hyperbolic-type, and (3) resonant-type.The elliptic type orbits are stable in the Newtonian case and both stable and unstable in the relativistic case. From the stable orbits bifurcate double period orbits both symmetric and asymmetric with respect to thez-axis. There are also higher order bifurcations. The hyperbolic-type orbits are unstable. The Newtonian resonant orbits are defined by the ratiot _µ/t =n/m of oscillations along and during one period, and they are all marginally unstable. The corresponding relativistic orbits are stable, or unstable. The main families are figure eight orbits aroundM ₁, or aroundM ₂ (3/1 orbits); gamma, or inverse gamma orbits (4/2); higher resonant families 5/1,7/1,...,8/2,12/2,...;, more complicated orbits, like 5/3, and bifurcations from the above orbits. Satellite orbits aroundM ₁, orM ₂, and their bifurcations (e.g. double period) exist in the relativistic case but not in the Newtonian case. The characteristics of the various families are quite different in the Newtonian and the relativistic cases. The sizes of the orbits and their stabilities are also quite different in general. In the Appendix we study the various types of straight line orbits and prove that some subcases introduced by Charlier (1902) are impossible.     

Analogue modeling of overlapping spreading centers: insights into their propagation and coalescence

The propagation and segmentation of mid-ocean ridges is studied using centrifuged analogue models built with non-linear materials. The deformation of the brittle-ductile model is controlled by diapiric uprise of buoyant analogous asthenospheric material induced by a centrifugal body force. This linear upwelling laterally stretches the model mantle that, in turn, induces failure in the upper layer simulating the brittle crust. Arrays of fractures initiate within zones of high stress concentration above the diapir. Fractures propagate laterally in a direction perpendicular to the maximum tensile (the minimum principal) stress. Secondary tension cracks initiate in the vicinity of parent fracture tips. Through-going fractures that crosscut the model surface develop by short fractures propagating toward each other and coalescing in different types of patterns. The overlap, overstep and inclination of fractures developed at the initial stage of extension control their subsequent growth and coalescence. Non-overlapping sub-parallel fractures propagate along nearly straight paths and coalesce to produce a single planar fracture. If overlapping fractures are parallel, they propagate towards each other along curved paths that enclose an intervening elliptical core of intact material. Fracture curvature in this case results from crack–crack interaction and is similar to that of overlapping spreading centers (OSCs) observed along mid-ocean ridges. Overlapping non-parallel fractures tend to coalesce by one of their tips propagating sub-parallel to the spreading direction toward the other fracture. Such offsets can serve as models for the development of the orthogonal ridge-transform fault patterns common along mid-ocean ridges.     

Structure and topography of the Siqueiros transform fault system: Evidence for the development of intra-transform spreading centers

The Siqueiros transform fault system, which offsets the East Pacific Rise between 8°20N–8°30N, has been mapped with the Sea MARC II sonar system and is found to consist of four intra-transform spreading centers and five strike-slip faults. The bathymetric and side-looking sonar data define the total width of the transform domain to be 20km. The transform domain includes prominent topographic features that are related to either seafloor spreading processes at the short spreading centers or shearing along the bounding faults. The spreading axes and the seafloor on the flanks of each small spreading center comprise morphological and structural features which suggest that the two western spreading centers are older than the eastern spreading centers. Structural data for the Clipperton, Orozco and Siqueiros transforms, indicate that the relative plate motion geometry of the Pacific-Cocos plate boundary has been stable for the past 1.5 Ma. Because the seafloor spreading fabric on the flanks of the western spreading centers is 500 000 years old and parallels the present EPR abyssal hill trend (350°) we conclude that a small change in plate motion was not the cause for intra-transform spreading center development in Siqueiros. We suggest that the impetus for the development of intra-transform spreading centers along the Siqueiros transform system was provided by the interaction of small melt anomalies in the mantle (SMAM) with deepseated, throughgoing lithospheric fractures within the shear zone. Initially, eruption sites may have been preferentially located along strike-slip faults and/or along cross-faults that eventually developed into pull-apart basins. Spreading centers C and D in the eastern portion of Siqueiros are in this initial pull-apart stage. Continued intrusion and volcanism along a short ridge within a pull-apart basin may lead to the formation of a stable, small intra-transform spreading center that creates a narrow swath of ridge-parallel structures within the transform domain. The morphology and structure of the axes and flanks of spreading centers A and B in the western and central portion of Siqueiros reflect this type of evolution and suggest that magmatism associated with these intra-transform spreading centers has been active for the past 0.5–1.0 Ma.     

Segmentation and disruption of the East Pacific Rise in the mouth of the Gulf of California

Analysis of new multibeam bathymetry and all available magnetic data shows that the 340 km-long crest of the East Pacific Rise between Rivera and Tamayo transforms contains segments of both the Pacific-Rivera and the Pacific-North America plate boundaries. Another Pacific-North America spreading segment (Alarcon Rise) extends 60 km further north to the Mexican continental margin. The Pacific-North America-Rivera triple junction is now of the RRR type, located on the risecrest 60 km south of Tamayo transform. Slow North America-Rivera rifting has ruptured the young lithosphere accreted to the east flank of the rise, and extends across the adjacent turbidite plain to the vicinity of the North America-Rivera Euler pole, which is located on the plate boundary. The present absolute motion of the Rivera microplate is an anticlockwise spin at 4° m.y.^–1 around a pole located near its southeast corner; its motion has recently changed as the driving forces applied to its margins have changed, especially with the evolution of the southern margin from a broad shear zone between Rivera and Mathematician microplates to a long Pacific-Rivera transform. Pleistocene rotations in spreading direction, by as much as 15° on the Pacific-Rivera boundary, have segmented the East Pacific Rise into a staircase of en echelon spreading axes, which overlap at lengthening and migrating nontransform offsets. The spreading segments vary greatly in risecrest geomorphology, including the full range of structural types found on other rises with intermediate spreading rates: axial rift valleys, split shield volcanoes, and axial ridges. Most offsets between the segments have migrated southward, but within the past 1 m.y. the largest of them (with 14–27 km of lateral displacement) have shown dueling behavior, with short-lived reversals in migration direction. Migration involves propagation of a spreading axis into abyssal hill terrain, which is deformed and uplifted while it occupies the broad shear zones between overlapping spreading axes. Tectonic rotation of the deformed crust occurs by bookshelf faulting, which generates teleseismically recorded strike-slip earthquakes. When reversals of migration direction occur, plateaus of rotated crust are shed onto the rise flanks.     

1995年以来中国城市体系格局与演变——基于航空流视角

在国内外城市体系研究航空流视角的成果基础上,运用1995年以来的中国航空统计数据,基于数据描述及重力模型和模糊参数等定量方法,分析了中国城市体系格局和变迁。主要结论有: (1 )城市体系和城市群互动符合"距离衰减原则"。同时上海、北京两大全球性城市强化了在全国的枢纽机场的地位,西部地区形成了若干区域性的枢纽机场。 (2 )枢纽度最大的城市是京津冀、长三角、厦漳泉、珠三角、成渝等区域经济中心城市。辽中南、山东半岛、江汉平原的区域中心城市的枢纽度并不突出;南京、杭州、福州和重庆虽然作为各自地区的主要经济中心城市,但其枢纽度在一定程度上受到了地区首位城市或门户城市的压制。 (3 )中国主要经济中心城市相对地位变化有如下几种类型:稳定型、上升型、下降型、先升后降型和先降后升型。长三角的经济中心城市表现出强盛的区域带动势头,而珠三角、京津冀发展相对平稳,成渝在中西部具有特殊性,表现出日益强化的区域枢纽地位,辽中南、福建沿海、关中、江汉平原等地区经济中心城市的枢纽度则相对发展缓慢,甚至有所下降。     

粤港澳大湾区科技创新人才空间分布特征及影响因素分析

科技创新人才空间分布是科研实力、技术分布、发展潜力的表征。洞悉科技创新人才分布规律,从而科学制定人才战略,为科技创新驱动高质量发展和人才高地建设提供决策参考。论文通过粤港澳大湾区11个城市“十一五”至“十三五”期间科技创新人才的规模、密度、聚集指数、空间自相关性刻画其空间分布特征,结果如下：(1)从“十一五”到“十三五”,粤港澳大湾区科技创新人才规模发展迅速,从约43万人增长到114万余人,但空间分布不均衡。(2)深圳科技创新人才密度居粤港澳大湾区11个城市之首,单位人口人才密度约是最小值的7倍,单位面积人才密度约是最小值的190倍;江门、肇庆等地科技创新人才密度相对较低,低于大湾区平均水平。(3)深圳、东莞、广州有相对较强的科技创新人才聚集能力,而惠州、江门、肇庆聚集能力相对为弱。“十三五”期间,深圳、东莞、香港、珠海的聚集能力增强,澳门、中山、广州、佛山科技创新人才集聚能力有所下降。(4)粤港澳大湾区各城市科技创新人才分布特征与空间位置的关联性不强,大湾区人才高地建设各城市未有效联动形成合力。(5)城市生活基础保障的提升、科技创新发展环境氛围的营造和科技投入力度的增大会对粤港澳大湾...     

Identifying Global Monsoon Troughs and Global Atmospheric Centers of Action on a Pentad Scale

Using two datasets of global pentad grid precipitation and global 850 hPa geopotential height during 1979-2007, this study identified global monsoon troughs and global atmospheric centers of action (ACAs) on a pentad scale. The global monsoon troughs consist of planetary-scale monsoon troughs and peninsula-scale monsoon troughs. Forced by seasonal variations in solar radiation, the inter-tropical convergence zones (ITCZs) represent the planetary-scale monsoon troughs, which are active and shift over the tropical North Pacific, the tropical North Atlantic, and the tropical South Indian oceans. The peninsula-scale monsoon troughs are originated from regional land-sea topography and varied with contrasts in seasonal land-sea surface temperatures and precipitation. During the boreal summer, five peninsula-scale troughs and one planetary-scale trough are distributed in the Asia-Northwest Pacific (NWP) region. In total, 22 troughs, nine monsoon troughs, and 19 ACAs in the lower troposphere were identified. Relevant ACAs may be useful in constructing regional monsoon and circulation indices.