乳山湾外海溶氧低值区细菌多样性初步研究

采用化学裂解法从乳山湾外海溶氧低值区不同溶解氧质量浓度(3.7～7.0mg.L-1)的6个站位海水样品中提取了环境DNA样品。以试剂盒纯化后的DNA样品为模板扩增其16SrRNA基因V3区,通过变性梯度凝胶电泳、分子文库构建及DNA测序对溶氧低值区海水中的细菌群落结构进行研究。结果表明,乳山湾外海溶氧低值区不同溶解氧质量浓度的6个站位底层海水样品中的细菌群落结构是相似的,它们均由隶属于Alteromonas(交替单胞菌属)、Salegentibacter(需盐杆菌属)等10个属的18种细菌组成。系统发育分析发现这些细菌分别属于α变形菌纲(2种)、γ变形菌纲(12种)和黄杆菌纲(3种)三个大类。在乳山湾外海溶氧低值区的海水样品中细菌多样性最高的类群是γ变形菌纲。     

桐花树胎生发育过程中内源性脱落酸、赤霉素和糖分含量的变化

种子胎生是红树植物典型的适应特征之一。本研究以胎生红树植物桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）花蕾、种子和胚轴为材料,研究了胎生发育过程中繁殖体内源性脱落酸（ABA）、赤霉素（GA₃）、可溶性糖和淀粉含量的动态变化。结果表明：ABA含量在胎生发育过程中呈现先降低后升高的显著变化,即在种子形成前的花蕾期最高\[（1.86±0.07） μg/g\],在种子期达到最低值\[（0.75±0.07） μg/g\],然后随种子萌发逐渐回升;GA₃含量则呈现相反的变化趋势,先升高后降低,即在种子期最高\[（12.60±0.05 ）μg/g\],然后随种子萌发逐渐降低\[（1.97±0.05） μg/g\];繁殖体可溶性糖含量随发育进程先升高后降低,在种子萌发早期达到最高值;淀粉含量始终呈现增加的趋势,并在种子萌发晚期达到最高值。在胎生过程中,桐花树繁殖器官的内源性ABA和GA₃含量以及可溶性糖和淀粉含量的动态变化表明,ABA和GA₃通过对糖代谢的综合调控作用可能是红树植物胎生的重要机制之一。     

大布苏湖全新世沉积岩心的碳酸盐含量与湖面波动

大布苏湖是我国东北地区极为罕见的盐湖，通过对该湖现代湖盆碳酸盐沉积相的分析，以及钻孔岩心碳酸盐含量和^14C年代的测定,探讨了大布苏湖全新世湖面波动与环境演化的过程。结果表明，大布苏湖有两次高湖面时期，分别为10450－7260和5400－3600aBP，湖泊水位稳定在125m以上，这两个时期也是松嫩沙地古土壤集中发育的时期，晚全新世以来，大布苏湖明显萎缩，气候向干燥方向转化。     

中国粉尘源区表土碳酸盐含量与碳氧同位素组成

在中国的主要沙漠和戈壁等粉尘源区采集了地表沙或土壤(统称为表土)样品,分析了样品的碳酸盐含量和碳酸盐的碳氧同位素组成。结果表明,中国粉尘源区表土碳酸盐含量在空间上随着年降水量的增加而逐渐减少,大致呈现自西向东逐渐降低的趋势;碳酸盐δ^13C值在空间上随着年降水量的增加而逐渐偏负．δ^18O值缺乏规律性;塔克拉玛干沙漠细颗粒物质中碳酸盐含量相对偏高,但不同粒级颗粒中碳酸盐的δ^13C值基本一致,表明风蚀时粒度的分选并不影响源区的同位素组成特征;由于粉尘源区表土碳酸盐含量和δ^13C值均具有区域特征,因此利用大气粉尘的碳酸盐含量和δ^13C值示踪不同的源区是可能的。     

Variation of Indo-Pacific upper ocean heat content during 2001–2012 revealed by Argo

Understanding of the temporal variation of oceanic heat content(OHC) is of fundamental importance to the prediction of climate change and associated global meteorological phenomena. However, OHC characteristics in the Pacific and Indian oceans are not well understood. Based on in situ ocean temperature and salinity profiles mainly from the Argo program, we estimated the upper layer(0–750 m) OHC in the Indo-Pacific Ocean(40°S–40°N, 30°E–80°W). Spatial and temporal variability of OHC and its likely physical mechanisms are also analyzed. Climatic distributions of upper-layer OHC in the Indian and Pacific oceans have a similar saddle pattern in the subtropics, and the highest OHC value was in the northern Arabian Sea. However, OHC variabilities in the two oceans were different. OHC in the Pacific has an east-west see-saw pattern, which does not appear in the Indian Ocean. In the Indian Ocean, the largest change was around 10°S. The most interesting phenomenon is that, there was a long-term shift of OHC in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during 2001–2012. Such variation coincided with modulation of subsurface temperature/salinity. During 2001–2007, there was subsurface cooling(freshening)nearly the entire upper 400 m layer in the western Pacific and warming(salting) in the eastern Pacific. During2008–2012, the thermocline deepened in the western Pacific but shoaled in the east. In the Indian Ocean, there was only cooling(upper 150 m only) and freshening(almost the entire upper 400 m) during 2001–2007. The thermocline deepened during 2008–2012 in the Indian Ocean. Such change appeared from the equator to off the equator and even to the subtropics(about 20°N/S) in the two oceans. This long-term change of subsurface temperature/salinity may have been caused by change of the wind field over the two oceans during 2001–2012, in turn modifying OHC.     

Grazing impact of mesozooplankton in an upwelling region off northern California, 2000–2003

Mesozooplankton (>200 μm) grazing impact (% phytoplankton standing crop consumed d⁻¹) was determined by the gut fluorescence method during three springs (2000, 2001 and 2002) and two winters (2002 and 2003) in a coastal upwelling region off northern California. Wind events, in terms of both magnitude and duration, varied inter-annually and seasonally and included both upwelling-favorable and relaxation events. Grazing impact of mesozooplankton also varied inter-annually and seasonally, and was highest during June 2000 (mean=129% of standing crop d⁻¹), a prolonged period of wind “relaxation” and phytoplankton bloom. In contrast, mean grazing impact was lower during periods of stronger, more persistent winds, more active upwelling, greater cross-shelf transport, and lower chlorophyll concentration (25% and 38% in May–June 2001 and 2002, respectively). Wintertime conditions (January 2002 and 2003) were characterized by weakly upwelling or downwelling-favorable winds, low chlorophyll concentration, and lower mean mesozooplankton grazing impact (13% and 12%, respectively). The larger (>500 μm) size class contributed proportionally more to total mesozooplankton (>200 μm) grazing impact than the smaller (200–500 μm) size class during all sampling periods except spring 2002. These results suggest that mesozooplankton grazing impact is higher in spring than in winter, and that during the spring upwelling season, grazing is higher during periods of wind relaxation (weak upwelling) than during periods of stronger upwelling. Further, these results suggest an important role of mesozooplankton grazers on phytoplankton dynamics in the upwelling region off northern California.     

南海北部表层沉积物中浮游有孔虫分布特征与环境意义

对南海北部12°以北海域表层沉积物中的浮游有孔虫丰度、属种数量与组合、碳酸盐含量以及硅质生物相对丰度等进行了分析和鉴定,结果表明:随水深的增加,浮游有孔虫的丰度降低、属种数量减少,碳酸盐含量降低,硅质生物相对丰度升高,浮游有孔虫优势种由易溶种转变为抗溶种。浮游有孔虫以及碳酸盐含量等的这些变化与深海碳酸盐的溶解作用密切相关,同时,浊流沉积作用和水团等环境因素也是影响浮游有孔虫丰度与组合以及碳酸盐含量变化的重要因子。     

Modification of the Penman method for computing bare soil evaporation

The Penman equation, which calculates potential evaporation, was modified by Staple (1974, Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 38 : 837) to include in it the relative vapour pressure h_s of an unsaturated soil to predict actual evaporation from a soil surface. This improved the prediction when the difference between the temperature of the soil surface and ambient air is relatively small. The objectives of this study were (i) to revise it further using the actual temperature of the soil surface and air to provide the upper boundary condition in computing evaporative flux from the soil surface and (ii) to determine the range of water content for which the modified form of the Penman equation is applicable. The method adopted was tested by a series of outdoor experiments with a clay soil. The method of Staple (1974) overestimated the rate of evaporation above the water content 0·14 m³ m^?3 (up to 30% deviation), whereas the new method agreed well with the measured rates (maximum 7% deviation). Below 0·14 m³ m^?3 water content, both methods underestimated, but the Staple (1974) method deviated more from the measured values: the deviations were above 70% and around 30% for the Staple (1974) and the new methods respectively. Although the new method provided accurate solutions for a wider range of water content from saturation to the lower limit of the liquid phase of a particular soil, the modification did not respond to the vapour phase of the soil moisture. Therefore, in the dry range (i.e. in the vapour phase in which the flow was entirely as vapour), either resistance models or a Fickian equation should be used. Although the effect of salinity on the measured rates was significant, the model erroneously calculated the same rates for both saline and non‐saline conditions. The effect of soil texture can easily be accounted by defining appropriate matric potential water content ψ_m(θ) and soil relative humidity water content h_s(θ) relationships. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.