通勤时间、社区活动对社区社会资本的影响：基于北京26个社区的调查研究

城市扩张和郊区化显著增加居民的通勤时间,减少居民在社区内及周边开展的日常活动,进而可能对居民的社区社会资本产生消极影响。基于2017年北京市26个社区居民的社区融合与活动日志问卷调查数据,通过构建结构方程模型,探讨通勤时间、社区活动对社区社会资本的影响机制。结果发现,控制居民社会经济属性和社区区位后,长时间通勤会减少居民在社区及周边1 000 m范围内开展的活动,并进一步对社区社交网络结构、社会信任和共同价值等社区社会资本的不同维度产生负面影响。此外,社区活动中社交娱乐活动的中介效应显著,而个人和家庭事务活动中介效应不显著。最后,证实了促进职住平衡、减少职住分离的规划政策对于增加居民社区活动及培育社区社会资本的重要意义。     

高速公路、市场潜力与人力资本空间分布研究

基于我国2000年、2010年250个城市数据,通过高速公路网测算城市间时间距离以刻画城市的国内和国外市场潜力,控制城市教育水平、内部市场规模、产业结构、行政级别等。考虑空间自相关,采用空间计量模型研究不同空间尺度市场潜力对人力资本空间分布的差异化影响。结果发现:高速公路网的基本建成使得市场潜力显著影响城市的人力资本积累,城市越靠近国内市场中心则人力资本水平越低,越靠近国外市场则人力资本水平越高。考虑规模效应和竞争效应布局城市交通网络,加强教育投入,能够有效提高城市人力资本水平。     

The Influence of Community Size and Location on Different Dimensions of Vulnerability: a case study of Australian coastal communities

ABSTRACT

Coastal communities are part of the Australian identity but little is known about their characteristics and their long-term prosperity prospects. Increased migration to coastal areas and increased exposure to extreme climatic events indicates a need for social and economic data to inform socio-ecological systems planning. Here, we undertake a geo-spatial analysis to develop a typology of Australian coastal communities and assess relative vulnerability to climate-driven environmental change for a range of social and economic indicators. The aim of this study is to understand how the vulnerability of Australian coastal communities varies with geographic location or community size, and in comparison to other community types. Results show that both the population size and location of a coastal community matter and that coastal communities overall are more vulnerable on some socio-economic dimensions to climate-driven environmental change than their rural equivalents. However, results also demonstrate that the smallest coastal communities are strong in some important aspects of the human, social and financial domains, putting them in a good position to deal with some changes. Scale-appropriate and context-specific social policies are needed to address identified socio-economic vulnerabilities, supported by a range of formal and informal institutional structures, such as strategies to improve education and female workforce participation, and encourage participation in volunteering to increase human and social capital.     

资本积累驱动下不同尺度地理空间的不平衡发展——史密斯马克思主义空间理论探讨

尼尔·史密斯是世界知名的人文地理学者和马克思主义地理学家。他在不平衡发展理论的基础上,整合马克思主义和地理学的资本周期运动、空间一体化与尺度推移等范畴,提出了实现平衡发展的途径,极大地丰富和发展了马克思主义地理学,为研究当代社会空间问题提供了更为具体的分析框架和新的理论解释。其理论的核心是把地理空间视为生产资料、社会产物以及空间关系的总和,认为地理空间生产是特定时期资本增殖的重要方式。目前中国学者虽引进其部分理论,但整体了解还比较欠缺。本文将其理论概括和梳理为空间生产、地理尺度、美式帝国主义、绅士化4个方面,分析资本积累驱动下地理空间的不平衡发展过程,深度解析社会、空间与地理的尺度交错与互动关系,阐明资本周期运动、美式帝国扩张和绅士化的逻辑关联,最后以租隙理论为主剖析了城市尺度的资本周期运动。本文旨在为国内学者研究史密斯的马克思主义空间理论以及马克思主义地理学提供纲要和逻辑线索,并为中国城市化转型和经济增长方式转变提供理论参考和方法启示。     

京津冀城市群创业风险投资的时空分布特征及影响机制

创业风险投资是京津冀城市群一体化协同创新进程中的重要驱动力。本文利用社会网络分析方法分析了京津冀城市群创业风险投资的时空分布特征,在此基础上利用引力模型和计量分析模型揭示京津冀城市群创业风险投资时空分布的影响机制。主要结论为：京津冀城市群的创业风险投资网络在总额方面具有一定的周期波动性,其时空分布的不均衡性缓慢降低,创业风险投资的三中心(北京、天津和唐山)对周边城市具有一定的带动作用;创业风险投资在城市间的流动呈现出一定的网络性,但是发育缓慢,具有很强的向心性;创业风险投资对创业项目不同阶段的投资从偏重创业后期逐步趋向各阶段均衡发展;信息基础设施发展水平和经济发展水平与创业风险投资之间具有较强的正相关作用;金融环境、服务业发展水平相对滞后,对创新创业成果的转化和资金吸引能力较弱。     

北京市风险投资的空间分布与合作网络研究

国内外有关风险投资(VC)空间集聚的研究大多基于国家层面,本文基于北京市VC机构的位置和联合投资信息,运用本文空间分析与社会网络分析技术,研究VC机构的空间集聚和合作网络。空间分析发现,VC机构主要集聚在CBD、金融街、中关村三大核心区;在时间尺度上呈现分散—集聚—再分散的趋势。其中,国资机构主要集聚于金融街,外资机构主要落户于CBD,且以私募基金(PE)类机构为主;中关村则依托高新技术成为创新型企业的融资区。叠加合作网络后进一步发现,城市尺度下的VC机构合作并不受地理区位限制,并且各个VC集聚区之间关系颇为紧密。按“中心度”到“边缘—核心”的递推分析表明,外资机构在北京市风险投资合作网络中具有突出地位,其对联合投资的偏好主导了网络的形态。国资虽占据了部分网络节点但核心地位不够突出,而本土民营机构虽然数量较大但在网络中多处于半边缘位置。     

广州市跨国制造企业研发模式演变

跨国资本对发展中地区创新过程的影响已获得学术界高度关注,但对跨国资本在发展中地区研发模式的演变及其影响因素的研究仍然有限。通过半结构式问卷调研与深入访谈,对广州市跨国制造企业研发模式演变及引致其模式变迁的本土因素进行研究。结果表明：跨国制造企业研发模式的演变主要表现为本地研发人员比例逐步提高,开始构建包含本地创新主体在内的多渠道技术获取网络;调整新产品发布策略,加大对核心技术的保护;增加对研发资源的投入,“独立”和“辅助”母公司技术研发的职能显化,开始将本土企业纳入创新链条等。市场规模扩张、本土企业技术能力增加导致的市场推力和珠三角日益强化的资源、环境规制是引发跨国资本研发模式演变的主体因素。     

杭州市农民工生计脆弱性特征与对策

农民工是我国大城市中的弱势群体之一,极易受到失业、生产事故、经济波动等社会风险的冲击,其生计日益成为影响我国经济社会转型期国计民生的重要问题之一。本文从脆弱性视角出发,建立了符合城市农民工生计特征的生计资本评估指标体系,并结合实地调查资料对杭州市农民工生计脆弱性特征及成因进行了分析。研究认为,杭州农民工生计资本具有典型的脆弱性特征,突出表现在教育培训缺失、人力资本不足,租房生活为主、物质资本薄弱,收入水平低下、金融资本虚化,边缘感较强、社会资本匮乏。最后,探讨了可持续生计分析框架在大城市农民工生计问题研究中的适用性,并结合实证研究结果提出了增强大城市农民工生计资本降低其生计脆弱性的调控对策,以期为杭州市及我国其他大城市农民工生计可持续性研究提供新的分析思路和实践参考。     

The resilience and sustainability of local wetland management institutions in Illubabor and Western Wellega,Ethiopia

Local community based institutions that coordinate the management of natural resources have been linked to socioecological resilience, adaptation and sustainability within rural livelihood systems throughout the developing world. The resilience and sustainability of related local institutions, however, is influenced by their relationship with external actors and institutions, particularly in facilitating, supporting or hindering local institutional arrangements. From this standpoint, this paper examines the case of local community based institutions involved in wetland management in western Ethiopia. Drawing upon the findings of participatory fieldwork undertaken in eight wetland‐using communities of Illubabor and Western Wellega zones in Oromia Region it is argued that although local institutions do play a key role in coordinating wetland management and sustaining the benefits from wetlands, the sustainability and resilience of the institutions themselves is threatened by a range of factors. Despite their grassroots nature, their effectiveness is influenced by their reliance on local government backstopping that appears to have diminished in recent years, as well as a perceived lack of local government support for collective action over individual rights.     

Distinctive and comparative places: Alternative narratives of distinction within international student mobility

Moving beyond the ‘world-class’ institutional model of international student mobility, this paper examines alternative narratives of distinction relating to place of study. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with international students at universities in the UK, Austria and Latvia, we illustrate how students inside and outside mainstream reputable higher education institutions narrate and reconfigure markers of distinction to validate their international mobility and location of study, in part to compete with peers at other (more prestigious) institutions. We demonstrate the importance of lifestyle and experiential places within a global differentiated higher education landscape and argue that many students engage in comparative narratives of place of study to authorise the symbolic capital associated with international education. The findings also consider how experiential places and mobility capital are used for distinction not only during educational mobility but within post-study aspirations.