The November 2002 eruption at Piton de la Fournaise volcano,La Réunion Island: ground deformation,seismicity, and pit crater collapse

An eruption on the eastern flank of Piton de la Fournaise volcano started on 16 November, 2002 after 10 months of quiescence. After a relatively constant level of activity during the first 13 days of the eruption, lava discharge, volcanic tremor and seismicity increased from 29 November to 3 December. Lava effusion suddenly ceased on 3 December while shallow earthquakes beneath the Dolomieu summit crater were still recorded at a rate of about one per minute. This unusual activity continued and increased in intensity over the next three weeks, ending with the formation of a pit crater within Dolomieu. Based on ground deformation, measured by rapid-static and continuous GPS and an extensometer, seismic data, and lava effusion patterns, the eruptive period is divided into five stages: 1) slow summit inflation and sporadic seismicity; 2) rapid summit inflation and a short seismic crisis; 3) rapid flank inflation, onset of summit deflation, sporadic seismicity, accompanied by stable effusion; 4) flank inflation, coupled with summit deflation, intense seismicity, and increased lava effusion; and finally 5) little deflation, intense shallow seismicity, and the end of lava effusion. We propose a model in which the pre-intrusive inflation of Stage 1 in the months preceding the eruption was caused by a magma body located near sea level. The magma reservoir was the source of an intrusion rising under the summit during Stage 2. In Stage 3, the magma ponded at a shallow level in the edifice while the lateral injection of a radial dike reached the surface on the eastern flank of the basaltic volcano, causing lava effusion. Pressure decrease in the magmatic plumbing system followed, resulting in upward migration of a collapse front, forming a subterranean column of debris by faulting and stoping. This caused intense shallow seismicity, increase in discharge of lava and volcanic tremor at the lateral vent in Stage 4 and, eventually the formation of a pit crater in Stage 5.     

攀枝花地区不同工业区表层土壤中重金属分布的特征

作者在本文中研究了攀枝花地区不同工业区表层土壤中重金属的污染特征及元素组合。结果表明，煤矿区以Cd,Ni,Cu,Zn污染为主，攀钢工业区以Ni,Cu,Cd, Cr污染为主，其它工业区以Cd,Ni污染为主。不同工业区的重金属元素组合特征基本一致，即分为As-Cd-Cu-Ni-Pb和Cr-Zn两组。     

煤层煤质和含气量的测井评价方法及其应用

根据辽河油田东部凹陷煤储层的地质特征以及实际煤岩芯分析资料和测井资料,利用回归分析方法得出了计算煤层各组分含量和煤阶的方法;通过分析煤层气特征,利用兰氏方程、吸附等温线和煤层气层中子背景值导出了煤层含气量的计算公式,并通过辽河油田东部凹陷实际煤储层测井资料的处理解释验证了方法的有效性。     

The role of industrial archaeology in conservation: The Reşiţa area of the Romanian Carpathians

Industrial archaeology has developed as an important aspect of conservation during the second half of the twentieth century in the Western world and there have been great opportunities in transition countries since 1989 on account of economic restructuring and the importance given to 'niche' tourism. While the core interest lies with machines and industrial buildings, attention is also given to transport systems and the social context, with respect to relations between owners, managers and workers. Moreover, the desirability of maintaining old industrial installations within their traditional landscape settings enables industrial archaeology to make a contribution to sustainable development. This paper considers the prospects for Romania, with particular reference to the Reşiţa area of the Banat Carpathians. The mineral resources of this region gave rise to a metallurgical industry which was established under Habsburg administration in the eighteenth century and continues today. In addition to the principal factories in Anina and Reşiţa, the mining installations, transport systems and power stations contribute to a diverse industrial region in a distinctive physical and cultural setting. The development of the complex is summarised and the opportunities for conservation are evaluated. The tourist infrastructure of the area is also examined with regard to the range of accommodation available. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

珠江三角洲工业地域分工研究

本文从专业化部门的数量和发展水平以及专业化部门地区分布和组合两方面揭示珠江三角洲工业地域分工的基本特点。指出新形势下虽然不少县市存在专业化部门多而不精，工业结构趋同的问题，但珠江三角洲地域分工格局已开始形成。文章还讨论了形成工业地域分工特点的原因并提出了完善地域分工的措施。     

工业区位因素变化与工业地理学研究的新动向

工业生产在国家和地区社会经济发展中的作用表现为阶段性变化,并在工业区位因素和工业空间特征的变化上表现出来。80年代以来,这种变化突出表现为技术因素和社会文化因素对工业生产和工业区位的影响日盆增强以及工业生产组织的国际合作的扩展,这种变化导致了工业地理学研究方法和研究领域的革新拓展。     

炼镁用白云岩的工业要求及矿床勘探工作原则

皮江法炼镁工艺对白云岩原料的特定技术要求,提出了炼镁用白云岩矿床的勘探工业指标的矿床勘探原则,对我国今后进行这个矿种的勘探工作具有现实的技术户经济意义。     

La prévision du climat : de l'échelle saisonnière à l'échelle décennale

The atmosphere and the ocean are subject to many dynamical instabilities, which limit the time during which their behaviour can be deterministically forecasted. At longer timescales, the atmosphere can be predicted at best using statistical methods, as a response to external forcing linked to sea- and land-surface anomalies. Climate being defined as the mean of atmospheric states, it appears that it can be predicted up to a few months in advance, which is the characteristic time of the so-called slow components of the climate system. Forecasting can sometimes be extended to longer time ranges, especially when the coupled ocean–atmosphere system exhibits internal variability modes, with characteristic times of a few years. Seasonal climate forecasting is most often based upon Monte-Carlo simulations, where the various realisations correspond to slightly different initial conditions. The present sate-of-the-art in Europe (ECMWF) and/or in the USA (IRI) allows to forecast such major phenomena, as El Niño, up to six months in advance. Finally, some parameters may exhibit predictability at still longer time-ranges (inter-annual to decadal), but only for certain regions. The example of electricity production is used to underline the potentially large economical benefit of seasonal climate forecasting. To cite this article: J.-C. André et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 1115–1127.

Résumé

L'atmosphère et l'océan sont le siège d'instabilités dynamiques, qui limitent la durée pendant laquelle il est possible d'en prévoir l'évolution de façon déterministe. Au-delà, l'atmosphère n'est plus prévisible, au mieux, que de façon statistique, en fonction du forçage externe qu'exerce(nt) sur elle l'océan et/ou la surface des continents. Le climat (au sens d'une moyenne des états atmosphériques) se révèle ainsi prévisible jusqu'à des échéances temporelles de quelques mois, échelle de temps caractéristique des composantes dites « lentes » du système climatique. La prévision peut s'étendre à des échéances parfois plus longues, dans le cas où le système couplé océan–atmosphère posséderait des modes de variabilité temporelle de périodes caractéristiques de quelques années. La prévision climatique saisonnière est très souvent construite à partir de simulations de type Monte-Carlo, avec des ensembles de réalisations utilisant des conditions initiales légèrement différentes. Dans l'état actuel de ces prévisions, qu'elles soient réalisées en Europe (CEPMMT) ou aux États-Unis (IRI), il est possible de prévoir environ six mois à l'avance un certain nombre de phénomènes climatiques, en particulier ceux liés aux épisodes dits « El Niño », pour lesquels l'amplitude des variations est suffisamment importante. Il existe, par ailleurs, une prévisibilité à encore plus longue échéance (inter-annuelle à décennale), mais seulement pour certains paramètres et certaines régions. L'exemple de la production d'électricité montre l'importance économique potentielle très grande de la prévision climatique saisonnière. Pour citer cet article : J.-C. André et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 1115–1127.     

Une dépression piézométrique naturelle en hausse au Sahel (Sud-Ouest du Niger)A rising piezometric depression in the Sahel (southwestern Niger)

In southwest Niger, the Continental Terminal water table displays a natural hollow shape about 10 m in depth over an area of 4000 km². A 10-year survey of this hollow aquifer has shown that current recharge is above $\text{20 }\text{mm}\text{yr}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$. The water table has risen continuously since the 1950–1960s as a result of land clearance. This shows a disequilibrium in the aquifer balance. The long-term recharge rate is estimated by radioisotopes to be around $\text{1 }\text{mm}\text{yr}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$. This figure fits with the only possible origin of the piezometric depression, i.e. evapotranspiration losses in its centre. To cite this article: G. Favreau et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 395–401.     

材料科学和地质学的发展及前景(英文)

材料科学可定义为一门涉及化学、物理学、矿物学、地质学、冶金学和合成材料等领域的科学。“工具制造者的人类” ,主要是使用石器 ,并由此而增进了其智能的发育。燧石、石灰岩中氧化硅富集体提供了制作武器和工具的材料 ,土壤则可用于制陶业和陶瓷业。材料科学主要是由研究工业矿物演化而来 ,它与地质学的关系密切 ;合成材料以其特殊的性能满足了人们的需求。火和压力在处理天然材料的工艺发展中起着头等作用 ;金银铜铁及其它金属能用作装饰品、防御武器和制造工具。有些金属的使用显示了人类各历史时期的特点。人们后来发现某些结晶体具有特殊的性质 ,如石英的压电性、红宝石激光 ,钻石和刚玉的高硬度 (可用作磨料 ,将来仍具开发潜力 )。合成材料和在太空合成的材料具有远大前景 (如碳的同素异形体carbyne car bynoid)。在材料科学中 ,特种玻璃 ,硬而防火的陶瓷、磨料、特殊耐火材料 ,只不过是材料科学中业已开发的几种工艺矿物而已。材料科学的发展对于现代文明和解决人类当今和未来所遇到的各种问题都极其重要。与世界人口增长相关的问题 ,可以通过科学、绿色革命和生物技术 ,以及一切天然资源的合理开发来解决 ,这将有助于避免“南北对抗”。肯定地说 ,材料科学及其未来的发展 ,会有助于人类去应付