渤海湾北部滦河三角洲晚更新世以来沉积环境划分及碳埋藏速率的评价

【研究目的】 开展渤海湾北部滦河三角洲晚更新世以来不同沉积环境的划分,计算分析碳埋藏速率的大小和控制因素,进一步评价区域碳储能力。【研究方法】 本文对BXZK03孔岩芯开展晚更新世以来的古沉积环境恢复,并取样分析了包括粒度、年代(AMS14C 和OSL)、含水量、有机碳、总碳和其他营养成分等在内的测试指标。【研究结果】 该孔晚更新世以来地层自下而上划分为泛滥平原、海滩沙脊、浅海、障壁沙坝(三角洲前缘)和潟湖的沉积环境单元,各沉积单元平均有机碳埋藏速率大小依次为：障壁沙坝51.47 g/(m²·a)>海滩沙脊32.59 g/(m²·a)>浅海7.82 g/(m²·a)>潟湖4.66 g/(m²·a)。总碳、有机碳与各营养元素具有显著(P< 0.01)线性相关关系,方差分析显示沉积速率和碳浓度分别是滦河三角洲碳埋藏速率的主要控制因素。【结论】 滦河三角洲沉积物中有机碳浓度相对较低,但是在全新世三角洲沉积速率较高,使得有机碳埋藏速率也相对较高,因此具有一定的碳储能力。     

贵州新民剖面晚二叠世碳同位素变化特征及有机碳埋藏的意义

根据碳循环模式,通过无机碳和有机碳碳同位素记录,半定量-定量地计算了贵州新民剖面晚二叠世有机碳埋藏分数forg,同时结合表征古海洋初级生产力的疑源类、藻类与菌孢的丰度值,详细分析了有机碳埋藏分数forg、古海洋生产力与岩石中保存的残余TOC之间的耦合关系。该研究发现新民剖面晚二叠世初级生产力较有机碳埋藏分数forg对残余TOC的贡献更大。但这一结果仍需进一步论证:新民剖面和煤山剖面forg与δ13Ccarb的高度相关性暗示forg主要受控于δ13Ccarb,而在Kump碳循环模型中忽略了晚二叠世火山活动对无机碳同位素组成的重要影响。     

How Burial Time of Avalanche Victims is Influenced by Rescue Method: An Analysis of Search Reports from the Alps

Two hundred and seventeen avalanche reports from Switzerland and the Tyrol were used to investigate the influence of rescue method on the survival and burial time of avalanche victims. The probability of survival for victims rescued by their companion was higher (75, n=113) than for people found by an organised search team (30, n=104). Burial time and burial depth are the main factors, which decide whether a person is recovered dead or alive. People who were still alive were recovered significantly earlier and from a shallower burial depth than people who died in an avalanche. There is also a significant difference in the burial time dependent on whether companions or rescue teams carry out the search. In localising the site by means of sight/call or avalanche beacon by companions there is a clear relation between burial time and burial depth. For rescue teams, the relation between burial time and area of the avalanche is important. When working with avalanche dogs or probe lines there should be a clear correlation between burial time and area of the avalanche For dog teams arriving at the scene, there is a relation between search/excavation time and burial depth. Search time for tour skiers based on the information given will always be limited due to the burial depth of the victim. This means that the digging tools used are very important. The greatest problems facing rescue teams are limited transport capacity and the organisation of the whole mission over a large area. Therefore, speed and efficiency are of the utmost importance, when organising any search.     

埕岛油田海底天然气管道掩埋状况勘测及其影响因素分析

以胜利埕岛油田海底长输天然气管道为例，较系统介绍了海底管道勘测方法，根据调查资料成果，划分了调查地区地貌特征类型，给出了天然气埋设探测状况，总结了水深变化规律和区域水深差异特点，分析了水深变化、海底冲蚀和地质作用等因素对海底管道可能造成的影响，为管道安全生产、灾害预报评估和今后海上工程调查研究提供参考。     

划分成岩作用与埋藏变质作用的指标及其界线

本文是对“陕北鄂尔多斯盆地埋藏变质作用研究”一文的讨论,它综述并讨论了划分成岩作用和埋藏变质作用的指标,界线及其在鄂尔多斯盆地中的应用。伊利石结晶度、粘土矿物、浊沸石胶结物,石油形成,镜质体反射率,煤阶和地温等指标一致表明,鄂尔多斯盆地中生代地层处于中期成岩作用阶段,从而否定了本区为埋藏变质地区的结论。     

陆地原位宇宙成因核素(TCN)在地表过程与构造活动关系研究中的应用

大地构造、气候变化和地表过程间的耦合作用被视为今后10年内六大地学新课题之一，而从事这一重大课题研究的有效途经便是陆地原位宇宙成因核素的研究和应用。从目前该领域的研究实践来看，经常使用的是^3He、^10Be、^14C、^21Ne、^26Al和^36Cl核素，其中石英的^26Al和^10Be的配合使用最为普遍。通过陆地原位宇宙成因核素（TCN）方法基本原理的阐释，并结合当今国际上该领域利用^10Be和^26Al在暴露年龄与侵蚀速率、沉积物埋藏年龄以及河流下切速率等方面的工作实例．介绍陆地原位宇宙成因核素在地表过程以及地表过程与构造活动相互关系研究上的应用。     

准噶尔盆地莫西庄地区下侏罗统储层性质

准噶尔盆地莫西庄地区侏罗系储层具有低成分成熟度、富含岩屑、低杂基含量和高结构成熟度的岩石学特征。孔隙类型主要有残余粒间孔、溶扩粒间孔、粒内溶孔、晶间孔和微裂隙等,其中又以前两种为主,含量分别为25%和56%。通过对压汞测试结果和铸体薄片的物性资料统计分析,笔者认为莫西庄地区砂岩储集性能主要受沉积物粒度、沉积相类型、成岩作用及埋藏条件的控制。其中,埋藏条件是本区保持好储集性能的基础,成岩作用对储集性能起着直接的控制作用,沉积物粒度和沉积相类型对储层的影响是首要的。资料分析均表明,三工河组二段下亚段是本区的优质储层层段,八道湾组储集性能相较较差。     

Petrological and geochemical constraints on diagenesis and deep burial dissolution of the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tazhong area,Tarim Basin,NW China

Deeply buried (4500–7000 m) Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tazhong area, Tarim Basin, NW China show obvious heterogeneity with porosity from null in limestones and sweet dolostones to 27.8% in sour dolostones, from which economically important oils, sour gas and condensates are currently being produced. Petrographic features, C, O, Sr isotopes were determined, and fluid inclusions were analyzed on diagenetic calcite, dolomite and barite from Ordovician reservoirs to understand controls on the porosity distribution. Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tazhong area are controlled mainly by initial sedimentary environments and eo-genetic and near-surface diagenetic processes. However, vugs and pores generated from eogenetic and telogenetic meteoric dissolution were observed to have partially been destroyed due to subsequent compaction, filling and cementation. In some locations or wells (especially ZG5-ZG7 Oilfield nearby ZG5 Fault), burial diagenesis (e.g. thermochemical sulfate reduction, TSR) probably played an important role in quality improvement towards high-quality reservoirs. C2 calcite and dolomite cements and barite have fluid inclusions homogenization temperatures (Ths) from 86 to 113 °C, from 96 to 128 °C and from 128 to 151 °C, respectively. We observed petrographically corroded edges of these high-temperature minerals with oil inclusions, indicating the dissolution must have occurred under deep-burial conditions. The occurrence of TSR within Ordovician carbonate reservoirs is supported by C3 calcite replacement of barite, and the association of sulfur species including pyrite, anhydrite or barite and elemental sulfur with hydrocarbon and ¹²C-rich (as low as −7.2‰ V-PDB) C3 calcite with elevated Ths (135–153 °C). The TSR may have induced burial dissolution of dolomite and thus probably improved porosity of the sour dolostones reservoirs at least in some locations. In contrast, no significant burial dissolution occurred in limestone reservoirs and non-TSR dolostone reservoirs. The deeply buried sour dolostone reservoirs may therefore be potential exploration targets in Tarim Basin or elsewhere in the world.     

鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田高桥区块马五41段白云岩储层建设性埋藏成岩作用及意义

受古岩溶作用的影响,鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田高桥区块形成了层位较稳定的溶蚀孔洞白云岩储层。利用钻井岩心、铸体薄片、阴极发光及地球化学手段等,对研究区马五41段白云岩储层埋藏环境下建设性成岩作用进行了系统研究。研究表明,区内埋藏环境下建设性成岩作用有埋藏白云石化作用、埋藏溶解作用、裂缝作用等。研究区晶粒白云岩C、O同位素比值与奥陶纪海水的C、O同位素值相比明显偏负,表明地层经历了埋藏白云石化作用,埋藏白云石化作用使得岩石体积缩小、岩石孔隙度有所增加,有利于晶间孔的形成。埋藏溶解作用可形成大量的溶蚀孔、洞、缝等储集空间,为油气的储集成藏提供了有利的场所。裂缝的发育增加了溶蚀孔洞的连通性,有效地提高了储层的孔隙度与渗透率。上述3种建设性成岩作用相互叠加配合,使得裂缝与原本存在的孔隙配套,对良好油气储集空间的形成起了决定性控制作用。     

Regional coal seam gas distribution and burial history of the Hunter Coalfield,Sydney Basin

Basin modelling has been used to improve understanding of the origin and temporal evolution of coal seam gas in the Hunter Coalfield of the Sydney Basin. Burial history models were produced based on data from seven boreholes located in the southern, eastern, central and western areas of the coalfield. Mean random vitrinite reflectance (R_v,r) data, derived from measurements of mean maximum reflectance (R_v,max), were used for calibration of the models. A qualitative sensitivity analysis of one model shows that varying the paleoheat flow has a greater influence on calculated R_v,r than varying the eroded overburden thickness.

The differences between the constructed models are significant enough to provide plausible explanations for regional gas distribution in the Hunter Coalfield. Coals in the south of the coalfield appear to have the greatest potential for thermogenic gas generation. Modelling has shown that areas that have low gas contents and decreased permeability have been uplifted more, and buried less, compared with areas that have high gas contents. Burial history modelling shows noticeable variations in the extent of burial and uplift, and, consequently, in thermal maturities and potential for thermogenic gas generation; together with the assessment of other coal and gas property data, it appears that present-day gas contents may partially reflect coal ranks and adsorption capacities, with late-stage biogenic gas generation replenishing CH₄ volumes that were lost following uplift during the Late Cretaceous.