Temporal variation in properties of an uncropped,ploughed Miamian soil in relation to seasonal erodibility

Knowledge of seasonal variation in soil structural and related properties is important for the determination of critical periods during which soil is susceptible to accelerated erosion and other degradative processes. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the magnitude of seasonal variations in selected soil and deposited sediment properties in relation to soil erodibility for a Miamian silt-loam soil (Typic Hapludalf) in central Ohio. Erosion plots (USLE-type) were established on a 4·5% slope and maintained under bare, ploughed conditions from 1988 to 1991. Particle size distribution, bulk density(ρ_b), percentage water stable aggregates (WSA), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total soil nitrogen (TSN) of both soil and sediment samples were monitored between Autumn 1989 and Spring 1991. The soil and sediment particle size distributions followed no clear seasonal trends. Soil ρ_b increased following tillage (1·20 Mg m⁻³) and was highest (1·45 Mg m⁻³) during the autumn owing to soil slumping and consolidation upon drying. Low winter and spring values of ρ_b and %WSA (20–50% lower than in autumn) were attributed to excessive wetness and freeze–thaw effects. Both SOC and soil TSN contents progressively declined (from 2·18 to 1·79% and 1·97 to 1·75 g kg⁻¹, respectively) after ploughing owing to maintenance of plots under bare, fallow conditions. Spring highs and autumn lows of sediment SOC (3·12 vs. 2·44%) and TSN (2·70 vs. 1·96 g kg⁻¹) contents were a result of the combined effects of soil microbial activity and rainfall erosivity. Soil properties such as bulk density, SOC and WSA, which vary seasonally, can potentially serve as predictors of seasonal soil erodibility, which, in turn, could improve the predictive capacity of soil erosion prediction models. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

盾构隧道下穿管道施工引起的管-土相互作用研究

采用Loganathan公式研究了盾构隧道下穿管道施工引起的地下管道处土体竖向位移,利用考虑土中剪力传递的Pasternak模型模拟管-土相互作用,运用修正Vlasov模型中的迭代流程计算出Pasternak模型的关键参数——弹性系数k与剪切系数gs。将计算结果与已有文献结果及工程监测数据进行对比,深入分析了迭代求解k、gs值的Pasternak模型与传统模型的计算差异,并进一步研究了土中剪力、管道与隧道的夹角、土体弹性模量及隧道半径的变化对管-土相互作用的影响。研究结果表明：迭代求解的k、gs值能提升Pasternak模型的精确度;土中剪力对管道竖向位移计算值的影响可达15.3%;随着管道与隧道夹角的减小,管道的竖向位移增大、弯矩减小;土体弹性模量与隧道半径的增大均会增加管道的竖向位移和弯矩。     

重载铁路水泥改良膨胀土路基填料动弹模量及阻尼比研究

动弹模量与阻尼比是土动力学分析中的重要力学参数,考虑重载铁路荷载特征定量分析水泥改良膨胀土的动模量和阻尼比的较少。依托蒙西至华中地区铁路煤运通道(简称蒙-华铁路)工程为背景,采用南阳邓州市大山寨膨胀土,通过在不同频率、围压、固结比及动应力幅值下的持续振动三轴试验,研究了水泥掺量3%和5%水泥改良膨胀土的动弹模量及阻尼比,并与膨胀土素土进行对比分析。结果表明:水泥掺量3%和5%改良膨胀土的最大动弹模量约为膨胀土素土的3~4倍;在动弹模量-应变曲线中,动应变小于0. 002时表现为陡降段,动弹模量随动应变增长降幅达70%,而动应变大于0. 002时降幅较小,动弹模量随动应变增长趋于稳定;动弹模量随围压、频率、水泥掺量增加而增大,阻尼比随围压、固结比增加而减小;低应变水平下,固结比与动模量成正相关关系,高应变水平下,固结比与动弹模量成负相关关系。同时,对动弹模量及阻尼比进行了归一化分析,建立了估算动弹模量及阻尼比的经验公式。     

结构性参数在黄土地基沉降计算中的应用研究

弦线模量法建立了考虑黄土基本物性指标及附加应力综合影响的弦线模量函数,应用分层总和法计算黄土地基的变形量,并在陕西关中黄土地区工程实践中获得良好的预测结果,而在分析兰州等其他黄土地区地基沉降时,结果出现偏差,究其原因,与计算中忽视了天然状态下黄土的结构性特征有关。以弦线模量法为基础,通过西安近郊4处土样试验和大量载荷试验资料,分析黄土的构度指标与压缩模量、孔隙比、含水量的关系,并将构度指标引入弦线模量表,深化结构性参数在地基沉降变形计算中的理论。     

重复循环荷载作用下原状黄土动力特性试验研究

为探究重复循环荷载作用下含水率、固结压力对原状黄土动力特性、变形性状的影响规律,利用英国GDS双向动态三轴试验系统模拟交通荷载,对海东地区原状黄土进行动三轴试验研究。试验结果表明：单一重复循环动荷载作用下,在加载初期,海东地区原状黄土的轴向动应变随着循环次数的增大急剧增加,后期缓慢增加至趋于稳定,即发生应变硬化现象。在加载初期,含水率、固结压力对原状黄土的轴向动应变无明显影响,当循环次数N>400时,原状黄土的轴向动应变随含水率的升高而增加,随固结压力的增大而减小。动剪切模量随循环次数的增加出现先减小后增加再减小的变化,随含水率的升高有较大幅度的降低。动阻尼比随循环次数的增加先增加后减小,随含水率的升高而增大。表明海东地区原状黄土所具有的大孔隙架空结构使其在重复循环荷载作用下易发生振动变形。     

固结时间对软土动力特性影响的试验研究

固结试验是研究软土动力特性的重要环节,固结时间是影响软土动力特征参数的重要因素。围绕岩土工程及科研工作中对动三轴试验中固结时间影响规律的认识较为模糊的问题,拟对天津滨海软土开展动三轴平行试验,分别采用8h、12h、24h、48h进行固结,针对软土的最大动剪切模量G_max、最大阻尼比λ_max及动剪切模量比G_d/G_max和阻尼比λ随动剪切应变γ_d的变化规律,分析固结时间对软土动力特性参数的影响。试验结果表明:G_max、λ_max、G_d/G_max-γ_d曲线、λ-γ_d曲线受固结时间的影响较为显著。G_d/G_max-γ_d曲线随着固结时间的增加而减小。阻尼比试验结果表明动剪切应变存在明显的分界点,分界点以下,中长期固结时间所得阻尼比较大,而分界点以上,短期固结时间所得阻尼比较大。     

铜川新区黄土与古土壤动剪切模量比和阻尼比的统计研究

利用铜川市地震小区划项目的大量典型土样动三轴试验结果,采用双曲线模型拟合得到了铜川新区黄土和古土壤在8个典型应变下的动剪切模量比和阻尼比值。根据不同沉积年代和不同土层深度2种方法对黄土、古土壤动剪切模量比和阻尼比随剪应变变化情况进行了统计和对比分析。研究发现:同一剪应变下,黄土、古土壤动剪切模量比随沉积年代和土层深度的增加而增加。二者对黄土动剪切模量比的影响较为显著。     

引入非线性瞬时弹性模量的软土流变模型

软土是一种非线性流变物质,但现行流变模型却忽略了加载瞬时的非线性变形;软土流变试验参数是数学模型参数而非物理模型参数,一个土样一般只对应一种材料参数,但现行流变模型的模型参数常随着荷载变化,且变化无规律,离散性大。基于以有机质为流变相物质的人工土试样室内一维压缩蠕变试验,建立了各级荷载作用下具有相同模型参数的7组件流变模型,用非线性弹簧H描述软土加载瞬时弹塑性变形、并联的三元件组件模拟软土随时间变化的黏弹塑变形。结果表明：引入三次非线性瞬时弹性模量的7组件流变模型能够较准确地反映软土的流变特性。     

The validity of generic trends on multiple scales in rock-physical and rock-mechanical properties of the Whitby Mudstone,United Kingdom

Finding generic trends in mechanical and physical rock properties will help to make predictions of the rock-mechanical behaviour of shales. Understanding the rock-mechanical behaviour of shales is important for the successful development of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs.This paper presents the effect of heterogeneities in mineralogy and petrophysical properties on the validity of generic trends on multiple scales in rock-mechanical and rock-physical properties of the Whitby Mudstone. Rock-mechanical laboratory experiments have been performed on Whitby Mudstone samples from multiple outcrops within five kilometres laterally in order to investigate the heterogeneity and possible trends on an outcrop scale. Unconfined compression tests and acoustic measurements have been conducted to obtain the rock-mechanical properties, including rock strength, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and velocity anisotropy. The rock-physical properties, including mineralogy, porosity, and matrix density, were measured using X-ray fluorescence and helium pycnometry. Various methodologies have been applied to the resultant data in order to derive different brittleness indices.Significant heterogeneity in rock-mechanical and rock-physical properties is present on an outcrop scale. There is no obvious correlation between mineral content and rock-mechanical properties on an outcrop scale in the Whitby Mudstone. Comparison with shales from different basins show, however, correlations between composition and elastic properties. The presence of significant heterogeneities on an outcrop scale and between shales from different basins make it difficult to find generic trends in rock-physical and rock-mechanical properties.     

Scale effects of eroded sediment transport in Wujiang River Basin,Guizhou Province,China

In recent years, research on spatial scale and scale transformation of eroded sediment transport has become a forefront field in current soil erosion research, but there are very few studies on the scale effect problem in Karst regions of China. Here we quantitatively extracted five main factors influencing soil erosion, namely rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, vegetative cover and management, soil and water conservation, and slope length and steepness. Regression relations were built between these factors and also the sediment transport modulus and drainage area, so as to initially analyze and discuss scale effects on sediment transport in the Wujiang River Basin (WRB). The size and extent of soil erosion influencing factors in the WRB were gauged from: Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM), precipitation data, land use, soil type and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) or Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and observed data from hydrometric stations. We find that scaling effects exist between the sediment transport modulus and the drainage area. Scaling effects are expressed after logarithmic transformation by a quadratic function regression relationship where the sediment transport modulus increases before decreasing, alongside changes in the drainage area. Among the five factors influencing soil erosion, slope length and steepness increases first and then decreases, alongside changes in the drainage area, and are the main factors determining the relationship between sediment transport modulus and drainage area. To eliminate the influence of scale effects on our results, we mapped the sediment yield modulus of the entire WRB, adopting a 1 000 km2 standard area with a smaller fitting error for all sub-basins, and using the common Kriging interpolation method.