Ductility demands of tall buildings subjected to base rocking induced by Rayleigh waves

Performance-based earthquake engineering requires accurate estimation of structural response associated with different damage states because of strong ground motion. In recent work (Meza-Fajardo and Papageorgiou, 2018, EESD), we demonstrated that a significant contribution to the response of elastic soil-structure systems for high-rise buildings is attributed to base rocking associated with Rayleigh waves. The present paper presents results of a study investigating the effects of Rayleigh waves on the response of soil-structure systems with nonlinear behavior at the level of the superstructure. By introducing a rigid-elastic rotational spring at the base of the building, we take into account the stiffness reduction due to damage to the lateral load-resisting system at its root, and with it, increased displacement demands. Considering different levels of ductility and post-yield stiffness, we investigate the impact of rocking because of Rayleigh waves on maximum and residual interstory drift ratios. Our results indicate that rocking due to surface waves should be an important consideration for design and evaluation of tall buildings, as inelastic action elongates their effective natural period, and consequently, they are more prone to be damaged by resonance and excitation of extended duration because of Rayleigh waves.     

古建筑保护中新技术的实践应用

随着信息化时代的到来,古建筑保护工作中也逐渐应用了建筑、测绘地理信息行业中的信息化新技术.新技术的实践与应用为古建筑保护与管理工作提供了极大的帮助.本文将三维激光扫描技术、BIM技术、GIS空间分析技术分别应用于不同的古建筑保护项目,对其应用实践进行阐述说明,并就其应用效果进行了简单分析.     

中国古建筑的防震措施探讨

中国的古建筑早在汉代就基本定型,到唐、宋时期已有明确规制,而梁思成先生在《图像中国建筑史》中提及到了一些“不守常规”的建筑,本文调查发现它们分别是1303年洪洞8级地震和1695年临汾7?级地震之后重建的产物。进一步分析发现,依现代防震理念,先人“不守常规”的做法其实是按震害经验采取了有效防震措施。这些防震措施虽然使建筑外观不够美观,但却增强了建筑物的防震性能。     

西南地区承灾体数据采集与动态更新系统

在我国各地区承灾体特征差异性明显,且西南地区经历多次灾后重建,承灾体种类及其脆弱性呈多元化趋势的情况下,传统的通用数据标准已不再适用。此外,传统手工填写的数据采集方式导致数据汇总耗时耗力,且无法保障数据的准确性、一致性和时效性,严重影响了震害预测和灾后应急响应等工作的开展。本文以城镇规划数据为基础,依托智能移动终端,构建数据采集与动态更新一体化系统。系统通过对数据采集条目与流程进行定制优化,使其适应西南地区县城情境,实现了数据的标准化采集和实时录入。同时系统与城镇规划数据有机结合,利用实时采集的承灾体数据对城镇规划数据进行动态更新。其次引入智能化的承灾体数据交叉自动检验模块,确保数据准确。四川省丹棱县的应用示范表明,本系统显著改进了承灾体数据采集的准确性、一致性与更新速度,极大地减轻了工作人员的工作负担,为灾情获取和评估打下坚实基础,有效提高了西南县市震害防御和应急救援能力。     

Damage‐based seismic planar pounding analysis of adjacent symmetric buildings considering inelastic structure–soil–structure interaction

In cities and urban areas, building structures located at close proximities inevitably interact under dynamic loading by direct pounding and indirectly through the underlying soil. Majority of the previous adjacent building pounding studies that have taken the structure–soil–structure interaction (SSSI) problem into account have used simple lumped mass–spring–dashpot models under plane strain conditions. In this research, the problem of SSSI‐included pounding problem of two adjacent symmetric in plan buildings resting on a soft soil profile excited by uniaxial earthquake loadings is investigated. To this end, a series of SSSI models considering one‐directional nonlinear impact elements between adjacent co‐planar stories and using a method for direct finite element modeling of 3D inelastic underlying soil volume has been developed to accurately study the problem. An advanced inelastic structural behavior parameter, the seismic damage index, has been considered in this study as the key nonlinear structural response of adjacent buildings. Based on the results of SSSI and fixed base case analyses presented herein, two main problems are investigated, namely, the minimum building separation distance for pounding prevention and seismic pounding effects on structural damage in adjacent buildings. The final results show that at least three times, the International Building Code 2009 minimum distance for building separation recommended value is required as a clear distance for adjacent symmetric buildings to prevent the occurrence of seismic pounding. At the International Building Code‐recommended distance, adjacent buildings experienced severe seismic pounding and therefore significant variations in storey shear forces and damage indices. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A methodology for defining seismic scenario‐structure‐based limit state criteria for rc high‐rise wall buildings using net drift

As a result of population growth and consequent urbanization, the number of high‐rise buildings is rapidly growing worldwide resulting in increased exposure to multiple‐scenario earthquakes and associated risk. The wide range in frequency contents of possible strong ground motions can have an impact on the seismic response, vulnerability and limit states definitions of RC high‐rise wall structures. Motivated by the pressing need to derive more accurate fragility relations to be used in seismic risk assessment and mitigation of such structures, a methodology is proposed to obtain reliable, Seismic Scenario‐Structure‐Based (SSSB) definitions of limit state criteria. A 30‐story wall building, located in a multi‐seismic scenario study region, is utilized to illustrate the methodology. The building is designed following modern codes and then modeled using nonlinear fiber‐based approach. Uncertainty in ground motions is accounted for by the selection of forty real earthquake records representing two seismic scenarios. Seismic scenario‐based building local response at increasing earthquake intensities is mapped using Multi‐Record Incremental Dynamic Analyses (MRIDAs) with a new scalar intensity measure. Net Inter‐Story Drift (NISD) is selected as a global damage measure based on a parametric study involving seven buildings ranging from 20 to 50 stories. This damage measure is used to link local damage events, including shear, to global response under different seismic scenarios. While the study concludes by proposing SSSB limit state criteria for the sample building, the proposed methodology arrives at a reliable definition of limit state criteria for an inventory of RC high‐rise wall buildings under multiple earthquake scenarios. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

STUDY ON THE MRF-BASED METHOD FOR DAMAGED BUILDINGS EXTRACTION FROM THE SINGLE-PHASE SEISMIC IMAGE

Earthquake events are one of the most extraordinarily serious natural calamities, which not only cause heavy casualties and economic losses, but also various secondary disasters. Such events are devastating, and have far-reaching influences. As the main disaster bearing body in earthquake, buildings are often seriously damaged, thus it can be used as an important reference for earthquake damage assessment. Identifying damaged buildings from post-earthquake images quickly and accurately is of real importance, which has guidance meaning to rescue and emergency response. At present, the assessment of earthquake damage is mainly through artificial field investigation, which is time-consuming and cannot meet the urgent requirements of rapid emergency response. Markov Random Field(MRF)combines the neighborhood system of pixels with the prior distribution model to effectively describe the dependence between spatial pixels and pixels, so as to obtain more accurate segmentation results. The support vector machine(SVM)model is a simple and clear mathematical model which has a solid theoretical basis; in addition, it also has unique advantages in solving small sample, nonlinear and high-dimensional pattern recognition problems. Thus, in this paper, a Markov random field-based method for damaged buildings extraction from the single-phase seismic image is proposed. The framework of the proposed method has three components. Firstly, Markov Random Field was used to segment the image; then, the spectral and texture features of the post-earthquake damaged building area are extracted. After that, Support Vector Machine was used to extract the damaged buildings according to the extracted features. In order to evaluate the proposed method, 5 areas in ADS40 earthquake remote sensing image were selected as experimental data, this image covers parts of Wenchuan City, Sichuan Province, where an earthquake had struck in 2008. And in order to verify the applicability of this method to different resolution images, an experimental area was selected from different resolution images obtained by the same equipment. The experimental results show that the proposed method has good performance and could effectively identify the damaged buildings after the earthquake. The average overall accuracy of the selected experimental areas is 93.02%. Compared with the result extracted by the widely used eCognition software, the proposed method is simpler in operation and can improve the extraction accuracy and running time significantly. Therefore, it has significant meaning for both emergency rescue work and accurate disaster information providing after earthquake.     

强震后既有建筑火灾危险性的模糊数学评估模型研究

在强烈地震发生后,会引发建筑火灾等次生灾害,涉及因素较多,传统火灾危险性数学模型忽略了强震后既有建筑发生火灾时不同因素的随机性与模糊性特性,难于建立健全的评估数学模型,导致评估精度低。为解决该问题,通过分析强震后既有建筑火灾影响,用因素模糊数学方法建立强震后既有建筑火灾危险性评估数学模型及评估体系。具体方法是对评估指标体系中各层因素针对上层因素影响进行评分,建立判断矩阵,获取权重。确定隶属度矩阵,获取强震后既有建筑火灾危险性评估的因素集与评语集,构造单因素评判,给评估集中的因素赋予权重,进行一级模糊评估。把一级评估结果当成二级评估的单因素评估,通过模糊数学理论完成对强震后既有建筑火灾危险性的评估,得到综合评估结果。实验结果表明,采用所提模型进行危险性评估,得到结果符合实际情况,与其他模型相比,所提模型评估精度高。     

甘肃岷县漳县MS6.6地震重灾区房屋类型与致死的关系研究

地震造成人员死亡主要是由房屋毁坏和次生灾害引起的。2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县发生MS6.6地震,造成95人死亡、2014人受伤,灾区民房破坏严重,重灾区房屋毁坏比达36.59%;同时震前不断降雨和地震的耦合作用,诱发大量滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害,给灾区人民生命财产带来严重损失。本文通过对灾区不同类型结构房屋破坏情况、常驻人口、死亡人数、死亡地点及原因、地形地貌和地质灾害的调研,获得大量准确的基础资料;分析得到这次地震人员死亡特点和重灾区不同类型结构房屋的破坏比;利用重灾区9个行政村死亡人数和房屋毁坏比数据,进行多元线性回归拟合,得出房屋毁坏比与人员致死性关系,同时运用不同烈度区内房屋毁坏比数据和人口数据进行验证。结果表明:用此关系计算得到的总死亡人数比实际死亡人数多16人,总误差率为17.02%。     

长周期地震动输入下大型建筑剪力墙振动台试验

为优化处于长周期地震动输入下的大型建筑剪力墙结构,进行了振动台试验。分析普通地震动与长周期地震动波的区别,证明了长周期地震波具有显著长周期分量的特性。将某一高层酒店剪力墙作为研究案例,设计模拟实验台的构建流程与传感器布局,将建筑模型缩尺比例设置为1∶10。选择CA波、RG波、EL波作为实验用地震波,从位移与结构周期、层间剪力与位移比、易损性以及损失评估等方面对大型建筑剪力墙的抗震性能进行了评估。振动台试验结果表明,在位移相同的情况下,长周期地震波下的建筑极限承载力最小;在经历CA波、RG波、EL波后,模型的自振周期均发生变化,而EL波作用下模型的自振周期始终比基本周期略长;不同地震波下,X、Y向层间剪力变化基本趋于一致;CA波、EL波作用下,X向位移比较为接近,而剪力墙Y向上位移比在三种地震波作用下具有较大差异性;在长周期地震波作用下,大型建筑剪力墙损伤最为严重。