Proximity-based grouping of buildings in urban blocks: a comparison of four algorithms

Grouping of buildings based on proximity is a pre-processing step of urban pattern (structure) recognition for contextual cartographic generalization. This paper presents a comparison of grouping algorithms for polygonal buildings in urban blocks. Four clustering algorithms, Minimum Spanning Tree (MST), Density-Based Spatial Clustering Application with Noise (DBSCAN), CHAMELEON and Adaptive Spatial Clustering based on Delaunay Triangulation (ASCDT) are reviewed and analysed to detect building groups. The success of the algorithms is evaluated based on group distribution characteristics (i.e. distribution of the buildings in groups) with two methods: S_Dbw and newly proposed Cluster Assessment Circles. A proximity matrix of the nearest distances between the building polygons, and Delaunay triangulation of building vertices are created as an input for the algorithms. A topographic data-set at 1:25,000 scale is used for the experiments. Urban block polygons are created to constrain the clustering processes from topological aspect. Findings of the experiment demonstrate that DBSCAN and ASCDT are superior to CHAMELEON and MST. Among them, MST has exhibited the worst performance for finding meaningful building groups in urban blocks.     

北方村落木结构民居榫卯节点抗震性能试验研究

现存的传统村落木结构民居,由于受风雨侵蚀及战乱、地震、火灾的破坏,发生不同程度的损伤和破坏,榫卯节点残损情况直接影响整个民居房屋结构的安全。以北方地区传统村落“四梁八柱”木结构民居榫卯节点（馒头榫）为研究对象,考虑不同残损类型及程度,制作5个足尺梁柱节点模型,通过拟静力低周往复加载试验研究其破坏模式、弯矩-转角滞回响应及骨架曲线、加载刚度、变形、强度及耗能能力等力学性能。试验结果表明:馒头榫节点破坏模式表现为榫头拔出、榫与卯口挤压变形;相比于完好节点,残损馒头榫节点抗弯承载力、加载刚度和耗能能力明显降低,且“捏拢”效应加剧;榫头松动是导致节点力学性能降低的直接原因;垂直加载方向虫蛀节点力学性能劣化程度强于平行加载方向虫蛀节点,更易导致耗能能力降低。     

农村民房的地震破坏特征与震害预测

本文基于对中国西部和华北地区20世纪发生的21次历史地震的震害考察和10余次地震的现场震害调查资料的分析研究,总结归纳了农村木架房屋、墙体承重房屋、混合承重房屋、土坯拱窑、黄土崖窑、砖平房、多层砖混房在地震烈度为Ⅵ度、Ⅶ度、Ⅷ度、Ⅸ度、Ⅹ度时的震害表现,介绍了建筑物震害程度等级的划分与标准、破坏性地震在Ⅵ度-Ⅺ度区内各种结构类型农村民房破坏的烈度标志,给出了各种结构类型农村民房在地震烈度Ⅵ度-Ⅺ度情况下的震害预测结果,探讨了在造价增加不多的情况下,提高农村民房抗震能力的可行性。     

皖东北地区农村民居抗震性能调查与研究

皖东北地区位于郯庐断裂带中南段附近,具备发生中强地震的构造背景.本文基于现场调查,并结合汶川地震的震害,对该地区农村民居的结构特点、抗震能力及地震安全农居示范工程现状进行了阐述,对农村民居抗震性能的薄弱环节及对策进行了探讨,以期为该地区抗震设防工作提供参考.     

地震作用下智能相邻建筑的主动锚索控制

研究了应用主动锚索控制装置控制相邻建筑地震响应的有效性。首先，建立了主动锚索－相邻建筑系统的运动方程；然后应用广义振型分析方法，寻求了主动锚索联结的相邻建筑的力学特性，特别是振型阻尼比；最后，在频率域内应用广义振型分析与虚拟激励相结合的方法，建立了主动锚索控制装置联结相邻建筑的随机地震响应的分析方法。应用本文建立的公式，我们编制了计算机程序，进行了广泛的参数研究，以评价控制装置的有效性，并确定最优传感器类型及控制装置参数。研究表明，如果应用速度传感器，并能适当地选择主动锚索控制器的参数，则可以显著地提高系统的振型阻尼比，减小两个结构的地震响应。     

Evaluation of the seismic response of masonry buildings based on energy functions

This work is based on energies evaluated from the responses of 12 stone and brick masonry systems subjected to 58 shaking table tests. The evolution of input energy during a damaging base excitation is correlated to the change of the damage patterns of the considered buildings. The comparison among energies dissipated and absorbed by the buildings during the various shocks gives some hints on strengthening strategies. It is found that damage to spandrel beams produces a more significant energy absorption than other types of damage. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A displacement‐based seismic design procedure for RC buildings and comparison with EC8

A procedure for displacement‐based seismic design (DBD) of reinforced concrete buildings is described and applied to a 4‐storey test structure. The essential elements of the design procedure are: (a) proportioning of members for gravity loads; (b) estimation of peak inelastic member deformation demands in the so‐designed structure due to the design (‘life‐safety’) earthquake; (c) revision of reinforcement and final detailing of members to meet these inelastic deformation demands; (d) capacity design of members and joints in shear. Additional but non‐essential steps between (a) and (b) are: (i) proportioning of members for the ULS against lateral loads, such as wind or a serviceability (‘immediate occupancy’) earthquake; and (ii) capacity design of columns in flexure at joints. Inelastic deformation demands in step (b) are estimated from an elastic analysis using secant‐to‐yield member stiffnesses. Empirical expressions for the deformation capacity of RC elements are used for the final proportioning of elements to meet the inelastic deformation demands. The procedure is applied to one side of a 4‐storey test structure that includes a coupled wall and a two‐bay frame. The other side is designed and detailed according to Eurocode 8. Major differences result in the reinforcement of the two sides, with significant savings on the DBD‐side. Pre‐test calculations show no major difference in the seismic performance of the two sides of the test structure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simplified analysis of asymmetric structures with supplemental damping

This study investigated the effects of neglecting off‐diagonal terms of the transformed damping matrix on the seismic response of non‐proportionally damped asymmetric‐plan systems with the specific aim of identifying the range of system parameters for which this simplification can be used without introducing significant errors in the response. For this purpose, a procedure is presented in which modal damping ratios computed by neglecting off‐diagonal terms of the transformed damping matrix are used in the traditional modal analysis. The effects of the simplification are evaluated first by comparing the aforementioned modal damping ratios with the apparent damping ratios obtained from the complex‐valued eigenanalysis. The variation of a parameter that was defined by Warburton and Soni as an indicator of the errors introduced by the simplification is examined next. Finally, edge deformations obtained from the simplified procedure are compared with those obtained from the direct integration of the equations of motion. It is found that the simplified procedure may be used without introducing significant errors in response for most practical values of the system parameters. Furthermore, estimates of the edge deformations, in general, tend to be on the conservative side. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南京某高层建筑场地承载力的确定

结合南京某高层柱基建筑场地评价实例，在现场勘察和室内试验基础上，采用国内外多种计算方法，对该建筑主楼人工挖孔灌注桩的桩端承载力的确定进行了较为深入的探讨，提出在保证嵌入深度的前提下，可以将桩端细粉砂岩承载力设计值由南京地区传统的2200kPa提高到3500kPa，实践证明计算设计是可靠的。     

隔震技术在高烈度区剪力墙结构中的应用研究

对于近断层处高烈度区高层剪力墙结构，传统设计难以解决墙体太厚、配筋太大等难题。为研究在考虑近断层影响下高烈度区剪力墙住宅采用隔震设计的技术可行性，采用隔震设计对某剪力墙结构工程进行全面分析。对比分析常规剪力墙结构方案及增设橡胶隔震支座的隔震方案，分析结果表明，隔震方案较常规方案前3阶结构自振周期延长约3倍，从而有效减小了上部结构的地震作用；在设防烈度地震作用下，结构水平向减震系数为0.281，上部结构所受水平地震作用和抗震措施可按降低一度进行设计；罕遇地震作用下隔震支座性能稳定，上部结构基本处于弹性工作状态。研究结论可为隔震支座设计和进一步研究提供参考。