浙江丽水太山山地常绿阔叶林的群落特征

通过样方调查,应用物种丰富度,物种多样性指数和群落均匀度等指标对分布在浙江丽水太山山地的常绿阔叶林群落类型进行了分析。结果表明,太山山地常绿阔叶林主要有3种类型(群系),即甜槠木荷林、褐叶青冈林、青冈石栎林。并对各群落类型的结构和物种组成进行了分析。在群落的垂直结构上,灌木层、乔木层、草本层的物种多样性依次降低,群落类型处于华东和华南区系的过渡带。群落生活型以中、小高位芽植物为主,群落叶的性质以单叶,革质和全缘的小叶为主。     

珠江三角洲埋藏古森林地层年代与沉积特征

珠江三角洲四会市和高要市两地埋藏古森林在发育历史时期形成了一层或多层腐殖质层。其中,四会埋藏古森林腐殖质层发育起止年代大致为 4218±91cal.aB.P.~3291±24cal.aB.P.; 高要埋藏古森林腐殖质层发育有3期,它们的年代大致为 4910±64~1966±42cal.aB.P.,但在 4347±63~4017±35cal.aB.P.和 3658±45~3539±19cal.aB.P.之间发育中断,形成两层灰白色粘土层,3期腐殖质层(从上至下)发育持续的时间分别为1500a,400a和500a,约 1000±500a。在四会埋藏古森林腐殖质层中,有机碳含量在26.2 % ~48.9 % 之间变化,δ 13 C值波动介于-29.8 ‰ ~-25.6 ‰ 之间,其中,粘土层与腐殖质层边界点的有机碳含量为26.2 %,δ 13 C值为-25.6 ‰,对应的年代为 3291±24cal.aB.P.; 在高要埋藏古森林腐殖质层中,有机碳含量在20.3 % ~64.0 % 之间变化,δ 13 C值波动介于-30.9 ‰ ~-29.0 ‰ 之间,而在腐殖质层之间的粘土层的中心位置,有机碳含量从上至下分别为1.0 % 和8.8 %,对应的δ 13 C值分别为-28.2 ‰ 和-27.8 ‰,较相邻腐殖质层平均δ 13 C值偏正约2.0 ‰ 至2.5 ‰ 。腐殖质层有机碳含量与δ 13 C值显示,埋藏古森林腐殖质层形成于湿地环境,而粘土层中有机碳含量和δ 13 C值与腐殖质层中的显著差异及粘土层的沉积特征则说明粘土层很可能形成旱地环境。沉积环境干湿变化的周期与腐殖质层持续的时间一致,大致为 1000±500a,这种变化可能与中全新世以来气候在千百年尺度上的波动相关,而四会和高要两地古森林湿地发育的起止时间不一致则主要与两地的地理位置及地形不同相关。     

兴义坝戎喀斯特峰林区的削顶滑坡

兴义坝戎喀斯特峰林区连续出现顺层面将锥状、圆锥状的山顶削平的削顶滑坡表明,在垄头组纯灰岩布露的单斜岩层区发育的锥状、圆锥状峰林,坡体是不稳定或处于临界状态的,其根本原因在于岩层的倾角值。结合其紧邻的丫口寨发育的喀期特单面分析,坝戎地区峰林坡体滑动的岩层倾角临界值是14^o。     

Deforestation,biomass and carbon finance in Amazonia

Biomass dynamics in Amazonia are quantified and the value that carbon finance could deliver from slowing deforestation is assessed. Above-ground forest biomass in the Legal Amazon shrank from 90 Pg to 76 Pg between 1978 and 2004. An average decrease of 0.64 Pg (standard error 0.38 Pg) per year was estimated for primary and econdary vegetation. For an improved, spatially and temporally explicit estimation, a time series of remote-sensing results and a model of secondary forest area and age distribution was combined with a large-scale forest-growth model. The observed trend of biomass decline is continuous and defines a baseline that the avoidance of deforestation could be measured against. Based on scenario calculations, the emission reductions from slightly reduced deforestation rates could be valued in the range of €1 billion annually. Carbon finance for reducing emissions from deforestation (‘avoided deforestation’), which is being discussed as an additional mechanism under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol, has the potential to alter the economic logic driving forest conversion.     

Evaluation of storage–discharge relationships and recession analysis-based distributed hourly runoff simulation in large-scale,mountainous and snow-influenced catchment

ABSTRACT

Evaluation of a recession-based “top-down” model for distributed hourly runoff simulation in macroscale mountainous catchments is rare in the literature. We evaluated such a model for a 3090 km² boreal catchment and its internal sub-catchments. The main research question is how the model performs when parameters are either estimated from streamflow recession or obtained by calibration. The model reproduced observed streamflow hydrographs (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency up to 0.83) and flow duration curves. Transferability of parameters to the sub-catchments validates the performance of the model, and indicates an opportunity for prediction in ungauged sites. However, the cases of parameter estimation and calibration excluding the effects of runoff routing underestimate peak flows. The lower end of the recession and the minimum length of recession segments included are the main sources of uncertainty for parameter estimation. Despite the small number of calibrated parameters, the model is susceptible to parameter uncertainty and identifiability problems.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis; ASSOCIATE EDITOR A. Carsteanu     

福建省森林生态系统NPP的遥感模拟与分析

利用MODIS遥感影像,结合气象资料等数据,采用BEPS过程模型对2004年福建省的森林生态系统植被净初级生产力(NPP)进行了模拟验证。研究结果表明,2004年福建省森林生态系统NPP平均值为578.97gC/m²·a,NPP总量累计达到46.18×106tC;不同林地NPP全年平均值大小依次为:竹林≈阔叶林>杉木>马尾松,其值分别为:788.6gC/m²·a,780.0gC/m²·a,519.8gC/m²·a,437.3gC/m²·a;时空分析结果表明,2004年6-8月NPP形成较为明显的"坑"形分布形态,主要的原因之一很可能是有效降水量偏少;在空间分布上,福建省森林生态系统NPP与海拔高程显著相关,体现了该地区森林生态系统NPP空间分布的地域特征,这在一定程度上表明随着海拔上升,山高坡陡,人类对森林生态系统的干扰活动减少,有助于森林生态系统生产力的提高和维持。最后,分析了应用BEPS过程模型模拟福建省森林生态系统净初级生产力的不确定性问题。     

我国落叶松林生产力的空间变化特征

落叶松林在我国有着广泛的分布。其空间差异也比较大。采用地统计学方法对我国落叶松林生产力的空间特征进行了分析。结果表明。落叶松种群和群落地理替代作用明显；落叶松林生产力空间异质性较大。其变化与空间尺度密切相关；地理位置、海拔高度等是影响落叶松林生产力的重要因素；在天然落叶松林的管理和保护以及人工落叶松林的发展上应考虑其空间特征。     

Evaluating metrics derived from Landsat 8 OLI imagery to map crop cover

Developing techniques are required to generate agricultural land cover maps to monitor agricultural fields. Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) offers reflectance data over the visible to shortwave-infrared range. OLI offers several advantages, such as adequate spatial and spectral resolution, and 16 day repeat coverage, furthermore, spectral indices derived from Landsat 8 OLI possess great potential for evaluating the status of vegetation. Additionally, classification algorithms are essential for generating accurate maps. Recently, multi-Grained Cascade Forest, which is also called deep forest, was proposed, and it was shown to give highly competitive performance for classification. However, the ability of this algorithm to generate crop maps with satellite data had not yet been evaluated. In this study, the reflectance at 7 bands and 57 spectral indices calculated from Landsat 8 OLI data were evaluated for its potential for crop type identification.     

基于NDVI阈值法的森林冰冻受灾范围精确提取

快速提取森林冰雪受灾范围,有利于准确掌握森林受灾情况,为此类灾害性气候事件防灾减灾、森林资源管理和生态保护提供科学依据。本文利用2001-2007年NDVI数据,提取灾前植被NDVI参考值和正常波动范围,结合2008年NDVI数据提取冰雪冻灾范围。该方法弥补了基于单一时相的传统方法（NDVI差值法）忽略植被指数正常波动的问题,分像元提取植被NDVI正常波动范围,使提取结果更加客观合理。与传统方法提取结果对比,省级尺度的验证结果相同（即森林受灾率均为34.72%,而实地调查森林受灾率35.3%）,但2种方法在县市行政单元提取的森林受灾率相差较大。NDVI阈值法提取的森林冰雪受灾范围主要分布于湖南省南部地区,北部地区分布相对较少,而传统方法提取结果主要分布于湖南省北部地区,南部地区分布相对较少。根据实地考察资料显示,相比于传统方法,NDVI阈值法提取结果与实际森林冰雪冻灾空间分布信息更接近,精度更高,更适合于区域大尺度提取森林冰雪受灾范围。     

东亚夏季风与澳洲冬季风强弱互补变化联系及其异常环流特征

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、Hadley中心海温资料及CMAP降水资料等,通过亚澳季风联合指数挑选异常年份,对东亚夏季风和澳洲冬季风强度反相变化特征进行研究。结果表明,当东亚夏季风偏强、澳洲冬季风偏弱时,南北半球中低纬地区都出现了复杂的异常环流系统。在热带地区对流层低层,西北太平洋为异常反气旋式环流系统所控制,与南太平洋赤道辐合带的异常反气旋环流在赤道地区发生耦合,形成赤道异常东风,而在南北印度洋上则存在两个异常气旋式环流系统。在这两对异常环流之间的海洋性大陆地区,出现赤道以南为反气旋环流而赤道以北为气旋式环流。在东亚季风区,东南沿海的东侧海洋上存在反气旋异常,中国东南地区受异常反气旋西南侧的东南风影响。此外,澳洲北部受异常西风影响。这就形成了东亚夏季风偏强、澳洲冬季风偏弱的情形,从而东亚夏季风和澳洲冬季风活动出现了强弱互补的变化特征。当东亚夏季风偏弱、澳洲冬季风偏强时,南北半球的环流特征则出现与上述相反的环流特征。总体而言,当东亚夏季风偏强、澳洲冬季风偏弱时,东亚—澳洲季风区在南北半球呈现出不同的气候异常分布特征,即北半球降水北少南多、气温北高南低,南半球降水西多东少、气温西高东低。