基于盲数理论的地下水允许开采量计算初探

基于地下水系统所具有的多种不确定性特征,运用盲数理论,定义了水文地质参量盲数等基本概念,在此基础上,尝试性地提出了盲信息下地下水资源允许开采量计算模型。由此模型不仅可以求得地下水补给量(或允许开采量)的各种可能取值区间,也能得到各灰区间对应的主观可信度,从而为地下水资源管理决策提供了更为科学、丰富的信息,也为地下水开采的风险分析提供了依据。实例研究表明,运用盲数理论进行地下水允许开采量计算,所得结果较传统水文地质学方法计算结果更加符合实际情况。     

南四湖的形成与水环境演变

Through high-resolution research of sedimental chronology and the sediment environmental indexes,such as graininess ,minerals,magnetic parameters,pigment content organic carbon and chronology in Ds-core and Ws-core in Nansihu Lake,the authors analyze the formation cause of the Nansihu Lake and its water environmental changes,Historical documents are also analyzed here in order to reach the conclusion .Researches indicate that the Nansihu Lake came into being about 2500 aBP and its evolution succession can be divided into four stages.In this evolution process ,several scattered lakes merge into one large lake in the east of China,This process is distinctively affected by the overflow of the Yellow River,the excavation of the Grand Canal and other human activities.     

塔里木河中游植物群落的数量分类与分析

Plant communities were sampled in the lower reaches of the Tarim River,Xinjiang,The results showed that there are 23 species belonging to 21 genera in 11 families,most of which have low occurrence frequency in quadrats.The most common species is Tamarix ramosissima,which occurred in 17 sites accounting for 89.47% of the total 19 sites,Quantitative classification (TWINSPAN) and ordination(CCA) methods were used to study the distribution Patterns of 23 plant species in 19 sites in this valley.TWINSPAN results showed that the plant communities in the middle reaches of the Tarim River could be divided into 3 groups and the sampling sites could be diveded into 7 types in 3 groups .CCA results were consistent with TWINSPAN results ,and showed species distribution patterns correlated with major environmental variables of groundwater level and soil moisture.     

Modelling changes in suspended sediment from forest road surfaces in a coastal watershed of British Columbia

Erosion from logging road surfaces, cut slopes, banks, and ditches represents a chronic source of sediment input to streams that can degrade aquatic habitats. Road surface erosion is of particular concern because the magnitude of sediment generation when traffic levels are high can be large. Current models for predicting sediment production from roads require information on area‐specific sediment delivery, which is not often available. Here, we developed a model to quantify suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) generated by forest roads surfaces under different conditions of use and density. This model is designed for a typical medium‐size coastal watershed of British Columbia or the American Pacific Northwest, and was applied to the Chilliwack River watershed as a case study. The results illustrate that intensive use of forest roads combined with high road density can increase the number of extreme sedimentation events over a predetermined threshold. A comparison of the effects of road density and the level of road use suggests that the level of road use is more important than the road density for the generation of fine sediment from road surfaces. However, the model omits the impact of roads on mass movements in a watershed, which represent a major source of sediment in steep watersheds, so the effect of road density is likely more substantial than the model predicts. The model is an attempt to overcome field data limitations by using an empirical relation between SSC and traffic variables, and presents a starting point for more intensive field studies that could be used to validate it. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Discrete element simulation of the effect of particle size on the size of fracture process zone in quasi-brittle materials

Experimental tests performed on quasi-brittle materials show that a process zone develops ahead of a crack tip. This zone can affect the strength and the deformation pattern of a structure. A discrete element approach with a softening contact bond model is utilized to simulate the development of the fracture process zone in the three-point bending tests. Samples with different dimensions and particle sizes are generated and tested. It is shown that as the material brittleness decreases, the width of the process zone becomes more dependent on the specimen size. Furthermore, the increase in the particle size, results in increase in the width of the process zone. A dimensional analysis together with the numerical results shows that the width of process zone is a linear function of particle size (radius). This finding is discussed and compared with published experimental data in the literature.     

Sediment and solute transport on soil slope under simultaneous influence of rainfall impact and scouring flow

Soil erosion and nutrient losses with surface runoff in the loess plateau in China cause severe soil quality degradation and water pollution. It is driven by both rainfall impact and runoff flow that usually take place simultaneously during a rainfall event. However, the interactive effect of these two processes on soil erosion has received limited attention. The objectives of this study were to better understand the mechanism of soil erosion, solute transport in runoff, and hydraulic characteristics of flow under the simultaneous influence of rainfall and shallow clear‐water flow scouring. Laboratory flume experiments with three rainfall intensities (0, 60, and 120 mm h⁻¹) and four scouring inflow rates (10, 20, 30, and 40 l min⁻¹) were conducted to evaluate their interactive effect on runoff. Results indicate that both rainfall intensity and scouring inflow rate play important roles on runoff formation, soil erosion, and solute transport in the surface runoff. A rainfall splash and water scouring interactive effect on the transport of sediment and solute in runoff were observed at the rainfall intensity of 60 mm h⁻¹ and scouring inflow rates of 20 l min⁻¹. Cumulative sediment mass loss (Ms) was found to be a linear function of cumulative runoff volume (Wr) for each treatment. Solute transport was also affected by both rainfall intensity and scouring inflow rate, and the decrease in bromide concentration in the runoff with time fitted to a power function well. Reynolds number (Re) was a key hydraulic parameter to determine erodability on loess slopes. The Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficients (f) decreased with the Reynolds numbers (Re), and the average soil and water loss rate (M_l) increased with the Reynolds numbers (Re) on loess slope for both scenarios with or without rainfall impact. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the coalescence of twisted flux tubes

Abstract

We study the problem of the coalescence of twisted flux tubes by assuming that the azimuthal field lines reconnect at a current sheet during the coalescence process and everywhere else the magnetic field is frozen in the fluid. We derive relations connecting the topology of the coalesced flux tube with the topologies of the initial flux tubes, and then obtain a structure equation for calculating the field configuration of the coalesced flux tube from the given topology. Some solutions for the two extreme cases of low-β plasma and high-β plasma are discussed. The coalesced flux tube has less twist than the initial flux tube. Magnetic helicity is found to be exactly conserved during the coalescence, but the assumptions in the model put a constraint on the energy dissipation so that we do not get a relaxation to the minimum-energy Taylor state in the low-β case. It is pointed out that the structure equation connecting the topology and the equilibrium configuration is quite general and can be of use in many two-dimensional flux tube problems.     

SWAT application to estimate design runoff curve number for South Korean conditions

Runoff estimations based on the standard USDA–NRCS curve number (CN) table without calibration have a tendency to give inaccurate results when the CN values are applied in South Korea which has many high slope watersheds and that has a continental monsoon climate. Particularly for the design flood estimation, accurately calibrated CN values are required because the estimated peak flow is very sensitive to the selection of CN. However, the lack of flood data makes it difficult to calibrate and assign runoff CNs to Korean watersheds. Even if sufficient data are available to estimate CN values, it is also difficult to obtain the direct flows by separating base flows from total runoff hydrographs due to the temporal irregularity of rainfall events and the resulting complex pattern of runoff. Therefore, an alternative method for estimating CNs needs to be developed to overcome these issues. The purpose of this study is to present a method for estimating runoff CNs using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model which can take into account watershed heterogeneities such as climate conditions, land use and soil types. The proposed CN estimation method uses the simulated flow data by SWAT instead of using measured flow data. This method has advantages in estimating CN values spatially for each subbasin division considering watershed characteristics. The use of daily data can reduce the sensitivity to the abnormality that is commonly involved in flow data with a small time scale. The SWAT‐based CN estimation method, combined with the asymptotic CN method, was applied to the Chungju dam watershed in South Korea. A regression equation was then developed from this approach, which was used to estimate CN values that decrease exponentially as rainfall amounts increase and that converge to 60·6 and 79·4 without and with considering subsurface lateral flow, respectively. Furthermore, the CN values for the antecedent moisture conditions were determined using the probabilistic approach. The CN associated with the 50% probability for the Chungju dam watershed is 87·8 which can be taken to be representative of antecedent moisture condition (AMC) II. The CN_I and CN_III associated with 90% and 10% probabilities are 78·9 and 94·1, respectively. The estimated CN_II = 87·8 differs markedly from the geographic information system (GIS)‐based CN 65·0, which implies that the standard USDA–NRCS CN method should be calibrated to the studied area of interest. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渐缩渐扩洞塞消能和空化特性

建立了三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型和突缩突扩洞塞泄流的物理模型试验,利用实验结果对数学模型进行了验证,利用验证后的数学模型对突缩突扩洞塞和渐缩渐扩洞塞的水头损失系数和空化数进行了计算。结果表明,洞塞渐缩(或渐扩)段相对长度一定时,随着渐扩(或渐缩)段相对长度的增加,水头损失系数减小,最小空化数增加。当渐缩段和渐扩段几何尺寸互换时,水头损失系数和最小空化数的变化不大;其他几何参数一定的情况下,随着横断面半径收缩比的减小,水头损失系数增加,最小空化数降低。圆弧连接情况下,随着圆弧夹角的增加,水头损失系数呈现先降低后增加的趋势;而最小空化数呈现先增加后降低的趋势。其他几何参数一定的情况下,圆弧连接的水头损失系数小于斜线连接的对应值,最小空化数则相反。在水头损失系数和最小空化数权重相等的假定条件下,初步探讨了渐缩渐扩洞塞几何体型参数的优化方法,给出了渐缩渐扩洞塞的最优几何体型参数。     

紊流对粘性细颗粒泥沙絮凝影响

以分形聚集生长模型为基础,通过三维模拟泥沙颗粒在布朗运动、重力沉降和紊流作用下的碰撞、粘结和破碎过程,探讨了紊流对粘性细颗粒泥沙絮凝速度、絮团平均粒径及分形维数的时空影响。试验结果表明:紊流作用下,泥沙絮凝及絮团平均粒径的变化可分为加速段、等速段和减速段,絮凝等速段的作用时间及粒径等速增长段的速度均随紊动强度呈先增后减的规律,且中部区域的絮凝速度和絮团平均粒径较小;泥沙絮团分形维数随水流紊动强度的增加逐渐增大,最终趋于稳定,随时间呈先减后增的规律。模拟空间下部区域分形维数最大,上部次之,中部最小。