喀斯特土壤厚度和水分变化对两种菊科草本种子及果实的物候、可塑性和子代种子萌发率的影响（英文）

缺水的浅层土壤是植物在脆弱喀斯特地区生长和繁殖的关键限制因素。一年生草本植物是适应喀斯特地区严苛生境的先驱,但其繁殖策略对短缺水资源和有限土壤资源的双重限制响应尚不明确。因此,在这项研究中,我们通过评估果序和种子的数量、生物量和后代种子的发芽率,研究了两种一年生的菊科草本苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum）和三叶鬼针草（Bidens pilosa）在恶劣的喀斯特土壤环境中,种子和果实物候的可塑性和后代种子萌发率。苍耳和三叶鬼针草在完整的双向随机区组设计中,设置了三种土壤深度和三种水分梯度下生长。主要研究结果如下：（1）随着土壤厚度或（和）水分的降低,苍耳的子代数量（种子和果实）和生物量显著减少（P<0.05）,三叶鬼针草在水分降低时增加果序和种子的生物量。（2）苍耳的亲本经历了资源减少后,种子数量和种子生物量没有相关性,而三叶鬼针草中种子数量和种子生物量之间存在显着的正相关（P<0.05）。（3）三种水分处理条件下,苍耳种子的萌发率没有随土壤厚度的减少而变化。对照条件下,随着土壤厚度的减小,三叶鬼针草的种子萌发率显著降低（P<0.05）。结果表明,苍耳倾向于通...     

国家重点风景名胜区的功能及其地域分布特征

自1982年国务院批准公布第一批国家重点风景名胜区,到2005年12月国务院审定并公布第六批以来,我国已建立国家重点风景名胜区187处.我国国家重点风景名胜区的主要功能包括保护独特的景观资源、提供良好的旅游活动场所、建立稳定的科教活动基地等.统计分析了国家重点风景名胜区在地域分布上的数量特征,并总结出东、中、西部的景观分布类型,认为我国的国家重点风景名胜区分布广泛又相对集中、空间发展不平衡、地域特色鲜明、区域间差异显著.     

变刚度混合型有限元

介绍了一般弹性体变比例混合能量型变分原理.该变分原理的特点是其泛函中包含一个被称为分裂因子的参数,通过改变分裂因子的值可以调整泛函中位能和余能的比例,以该泛函为基础建立了变刚度混合型有限元模型.研究了选择分裂因子的方法,讨论了降低刚度矩阵的条件数、改善解的精度以及克服病态问题的方法.最后,从理论上分析了其能够克服各类有限元病态问题的机理.     

大型金矿盲矿的原生叠加晕和包裹体气晕、离子晕预测准则

本文论述了热液型金矿床大矿、富矿的不同成矿阶段形成的矿体(晕)和石英包裹体气晕、离子晕的垂直分带及其叠加特点,建立了金矿原生叠加晕理想模式和包裹体气晕、离子晕理想模式,总结出了应用叠加晕预测盲矿的准则。     

Geochemical constraints on seasonal recharge of water and major dissolved solutes in the Huangshui River, China

The Huangshui River,an important tributary in the upper reaches of the Yellow River,has been regarded as a mother river which gestates Qinghai civilization in China.This paper presents the results of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic and water chemical analyses for the summer and winter Huangshui River water to study its seasonal recharge and major dissolved solutes.Characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes suggest that precipitation in the Qilian Mountains is the original recharge of the Huangshui River.However,in winter,the basic flow of the Huangshui River only depends on spring recharge and spring water originates from melt and infiltration of bottom layer glaciers.In summer,besides spring water,much rainfall directly recharges the Huangshui River,thus making its flux increase greatly.Water chemistry shows that the processes affecting dissolved solutes in the Huangshui River are also different between summer and winter.In summer,major ions in the river water are dominantly derived from carbonate and evaporate dissolution and anthropogenic inputs.In winter,carbonate dissolution decreases greatly while anthropogenic inputs play a much more important role for dissolved solutes in the river.Hence,further measures should be taken to lay stress on the winter Huangshui River water in order to protect the environment of the Huangshui River and reduce effects of dissolved solutes on,or prevent their pollution toward the upper Yellow River.Moreover,some measures also need to be introduced to prevent the possibility of water eutrophication caused by agricultural activities or stock raising in summer.     

犁底层土壤入渗参数的空间变异性

通过野外布点试验,应用双环入渗仪测得了犁底层土壤各点的稳渗率fc和入渗经验指数α.试验结果分析表明,fc和α具有较大的空间变异性,并服从对数正态分布.根据fc和α在该田块内的等值线分布图,分析了入渗参数的空间分布特征.     

基于泰勒级数迭代的重力归一化总梯度

针对重力归一化总梯度常规计算方法中向下延拓计算的不稳定性,提出了基于泰勒级数迭代法进行快速稳定向下延拓的重力归一化总梯度场( GH 场) 计算模式。水平圆柱体模型试验表明: 该方法的GH 场表现为单一高值特征,而且极大值位置与模型体质心位置相吻合。非均匀( 含油气) 球冠模型表明: 在油气含量较低时,Fourier 级数法和Fourier 变换法无法识别出“两高夹一低”的储油特征,而本文方法可以清晰地识别。这充分说明基于泰勒级数迭代的重力归一化总梯度计算方法不仅提高了计算结果的稳定性,而且还提高了异常的分辨率。     

双峰型非均匀沙推移运动特性及输移规律

采用图像识别与推移质动态监测技术,开展基于双峰型非均匀推移质的系列水槽试验.通过引入反映床面粗糙度、粘性底层特性与颗粒非均匀度η(粗细比)的综合水流强度函数Ψ_b、特征弗劳德数Fr_b,系统研究了不同水流强度与床沙组成条件下的推移质输移特性以及颗粒非均匀度对输沙率的影响.通过对关键因子的辨识与量纲分析,提出了双峰型非均匀推移质输移模式,建立了基于近壁特征因子的水流强度Ψ_b与非均匀推移质输移强度Φ'的函数关系.对双峰型底沙输移机理的分析表明,非均匀沙的组成特征使得η成为影响Φ'的重要参量;正是细粒对粗粒的解怙作用对粗沙运动产生重要影响,使推移质输移率与颗粒非均匀度间呈现驼峰关系,峰值对应的粗细比η_c约为3∶7.     

利用镜质体芳核C=C键红外吸收波数的变化规律测定煤的变质程度

用ＩＲ－１６００系列傅利叶变换红外线分光光度计对腐植煤系列的褐煤、长焰煤、气煤、工、焦煤、瘦煤、贫煤和无烟煤煤样的镜质作了测定，共红外光谱特征反映了它们在变质程度上的区别。得出的镜质体芳核Ｃ＝Ｃ键红外吸收波数随煤级变化曲线，反映腐植煤的芳核Ｃ＝Ｃ键红外吸收波 随煤化程度增加而降低或向低波娄迁移的规律。有理由相信、腐植煤的煤化程度或牌号煤也可以用红我光谱方法精确确定。     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE PENGXIAN ACTIVE BLIND FAULT IN THE CENTRAL LONGMEN SHAN FRONT BELT

The Pengxian blind fault is a typical active fault in the central Longmen Shan front belt. It has important reference value for understanding the growth mode and process of the eastern Tibetan plateau. Because the fault is covered by the thick Upper Cenozoic strata in the western Sichuan Basin, its three-dimensional spatial distribution, structural style and formation mechanism remain unclear. In this paper, based on several high-resolution 3-D seismic reflection profiles, together with near-surface geological data and borehole data, we investigate the structural geometry of the Pengxian blind fault and build a 3-D model based on the results. We analyze the shape and scale of underground spatial distribution of the fault through a three-dimensional fault model. According to the theory of fault-related fold and fold-accommodation fault, this paper discusses the forming mechanism of the Pengxian buried structures. The shallow tectonic deformation in front of Longmen Shan is closely related to the detachment layer of the Middle and Lower Triassic, and this detachment layer f1 horizontally propagates into the Longquanshan anticline in the western Sichuan Basin. The Pengxian buried fault is a typical fault-bend fold and the f1 horizontally propagates into the western Sichuan Basin with a fault slip of 3.5km. The Pengxian blind fault is a high angle(50°~60°)thrust fault developed in the front wing of the kink-band zone, striking NE-SW, with a total length of~50km; But the fault is not connected with the Dayi buried fault in the south section of Longmen Shan. They are two different faults, and this defines the scale of the Pengxian blind fault. This limitation makes sense for analyzing and evaluating the magnitudes of potential earthquake. All above study provides research basis for further analysis of the potential seismic risk in this area. The Pengxian blind fault is parallel to the anticlinal axis with small amount of offset as a fold-accommodation fault. We believe that the fault formation is related to the fold deformation of the fold front limb. The study reveals the geometry, kinematics and formation mechanism of the Pengxian active fault, and provides a basis for further analysis of fault activity and hazard. Therefore, there is little possibility of strong earthquakes at the Pengxian blind fault due to its formation mechanism of the fault which is generally characterized by fold deformation and shortening deformation. In this paper, we discuss the location of Pengxian blind fault in the middle of Longmen Shan and Sichuan Basin. Because the Pengxian buried structures are in the transition area, the shortening amount in Pengxian indicates that the absorption in the basin is quite limited. It reflects the blocking effect of Sichuan Basin. In the study, we find that the relationship between folds, faults and sediments is an important part of tectonic interpretation; the theory of fault-related fold and fold-accommodation fault is well used for analysis. This would have great significance for the study of structural deformation, which can help to build a three-dimensional model of fault.