西沙群岛精细植被分布的遥感制图及动态变化

西沙群岛是南海群岛中岛屿最多、面积最大的群岛,自然环境独特、植物区系特殊、岛上植被一直都是植物学家及地理学家重点关注的问题。本文基于光谱分类,于决策层融合支持向量机与光谱信息散度两类分类器进行西沙群岛典型岛屿植被类型识别,形成典型植被分布图。建立西沙群岛典型植被光谱库,分析西沙群岛典型植被实测光谱与其一阶导数的特性,并基于典型岛屿不同时期的植被分布图进行变化分析。结果表明：（1）采用光谱分类的生产精度及用户精度在西沙群岛主要岛屿的平均值为83.49%、85.54%,Kappa系数为0.8728。（2）2002年—2018年,各典型岛屿主要受到人类活动影响,整体上植被种类及植被面积增加,草海桐形成单优植被群落。（3）经相关性分析,各典型岛屿植被种类数量与本岛面积基本成正相关关系,且面积越大,植被种类随时间增加速度越快;相邻岛屿之间的距离与两岛植被相似性呈正相关,两岛距离越近,植被种类相似性越高。     

Stable Boundary-Layer Scaling Regimes: The Sheba Data

Turbulent and mean meteorological data collected at five levels on a 20-m tower over the Arctic pack ice during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean experiment (SHEBA) are analyzed to examine different regimes of the stable boundary layer (SBL). Eleven months of measurements during SHEBA cover a wide range of stability conditions, from the weakly unstable regime to very stable stratification. Scaling arguments and our analysis show that the SBL can be classified into four major regimes: (i) surface-layer scaling regime (weakly stable case), (ii) transition regime, (iii) turbulent Ekman layer, and (iv) intermittently turbulent Ekman layer (supercritical stable regime). These four regimes may be considered as the basic states of the traditional SBL. Sometimes these regimes, especially the last two, can be markedly perturbed by gravity waves, detached elevated turbulence (‘upside down SBL’), and inertial oscillations. Traditional Monin–Obukhov similarity theory works well in the weakly stable regime. In the transition regime, Businger–Dyer formulations work if scaling variables are re-defined in terms of local fluxes, although stability function estimates expressed in these terms include more scatter compared to the surface-layer scaling. As stability increases, the near-surface turbulence is affected by the turning effects of the Coriolis force (the turbulent Ekman layer). In this regime, the surface layer, where the turbulence is continuous, may be very shallow (< 5 m). Turbulent transfer near the critical Richardson number is characterized by small but still significant heat flux and negligible stress. The supercritical stable regime, where the Richardson number exceeds a critical value, is associated with collapsed turbulence and the strong influence of the earth’s rotation even near the surface. In the limit of very strong stability, the stress is no longer a primary scaling parameter.     

基于分拆数的角色访问控制模型的原理与实现

介绍了基于分拆数的权限管理策略的原理及其在角色访问控制模型中的应用，实现了一个结构简单、伸缩性好、功能强大的权限管理系统。提出了自然数按集合分拆的新概念，同时给出了一个自然数按某个有限集狭义分拆唯一的充分条件。     

宁夏固原市一次对流性天气的数值模拟

利用WRF模式和1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料,对2007年7月14日宁夏固原市发生的一次强对流天气进行了数值模拟,并分析了此次强对流天气的有利环流形势、物理量场分布以及雷达回波特征。结果表明:(1)WRF模拟的降水区较实况略偏东南,且降水量偏大;(2)WRF模拟的高层辐散和中低层辐合配置、"喇叭口"探空曲线与对流性降水区较为符合;(3)霰、雪是雨水形成的主要来源,云水又是雪和霰增长的主要来源;(4)云滴数浓度对对流云降水及水成物分布有重要的影响。增加云滴数浓度,前期可使对流云产生的累计降水量和范围均有减少,后期高浓度状况下存在大量冰相粒子,造成累计降水量及范围大于低、中浓度的降水;增加云滴数浓度,云水含量增加,前期雨水、冰晶、霰含量减少,后期雨水、冰晶、霰含量增多。     

我国留学生人数的预测及其对居民消费的影响

采用1985-2012年数据,利用时间序列分析方法,建立了刻画我国出国留学人数变动的模型ARIMA（2,2,2）,得到较好的预测效果.同时研究了出国留学人数与我国城镇居民人均消费性支出之间的关系,建立了相应的模型,并进行了Granger 因果关系检验.结果表明：出国留学生数的对数每增加1%,城镇居民人均消费性支出的对数将增加近0.06%.     

敦煌地区春季大气气溶胶粒子数浓度的分析

利用2002年春季在敦煌地区戈壁沙漠和绿洲农田观测的大气气溶胶粒子数浓度资料, 分析了它与沙尘天气的关系、谱分布特征以及两种地表下粒子数浓度的差异.结果表明, 不同天气条件下的大气气溶胶粒子数浓度有着不同的特征.在背景天气下, 敦煌地区的大气气溶胶粒子数浓度通常在104L-1以下, 其中以直径在0.5～1.0 μm之间的极细颗粒为主, 绿洲农田细粒子(直径＜3.0 μm)的数浓度高于戈壁沙漠, 而较粗粒子(直径＞3.0 μm)则相反.当沙尘天气发生时, 该地区的大气气溶胶粒子数浓度增大到105 L-1以上, 直径在1.0～3.0 μm之间的细粒子变为其主要成分, 戈壁沙漠4档的粒子数浓度均高于绿洲农田, 3.0 μm以上的较粗粒子两地的差异更大.     

广西秋季层状云微物理特征分析

利用2012年11—12月在广西进行的11架次飞机云物理探测资料对层状云宏微观物理结构特征进行研究,探讨层状云降水机制。结果表明:广西层状云微物理特征与我国其他地区的存在显著差异。层状云典型的微物理垂直结构为在云下层是由凝结作用生成云滴,随上升气流发展,云滴数浓度、平均直径和液态水含量随高度逐步增加,云滴谱拓宽,谱型向大尺度的方向扩展,至云中上层增大至最大值后随高度减小。冷暖混合云结构的高层云冷云部分的冰相粒子落入暖层后对其微物理结构产生影响,主要是使云滴谱展宽,CIP云滴平均直径垂直分布变幅增大,有利于暖层中碰并过程的启动和发展。层积云微物理水平分布呈现不连续跳跃式变化特征,存在对流泡结构,对流泡内各微物理量高于泡外,云滴谱型向大尺度移动,对流泡结构是层积云形成降水的重要机制。     

Chanchu台风(0601)流出层的低理查森数特征分析

对流层高层存在流出层是台风环流结构的一个典型特征,但是关于台风流出层层结及不稳定特征的分析相对较少。本文利用了非静力中尺度WRF模式输出的0601号Chanchu台风的模式模拟资料,以Ri(理查森数) < 1为判据,分析了存在于Chanchu台风流出层的低理查森数,以及它的分布特征与形成原因。分析表明,在Chanchu台风流出层10~16 km高度附近,低理查森数出现频率较大,甚至达到湍流标准,这与Emmanuel(2011) 推测得出的结论一致。通过对比台风发展过程发生、发展、成熟和消亡阶段流出层低理查森数的状况,发现低理查森数的出现频率与Chanchu台风强度有较好的对应关系,即Chanchu台风强度越强,低理查森数出现的频率越高,范围也越大,同时,Chanchu流出层的低理查森数的存在及分布特征受到水平风的垂直切变和稳定度影响。在Chanchu台风强度缓变过程中,低理查森数的分布还存在日变化,这与太阳辐射日变化导致的辐射加热和冷却造成的稳定度变化有关。分析揭示出存在于Chanchu台风流出层的低理查森数层的结构特征,也验证了低理查森数层对Chanchu台风的强度和辐射日变化具有敏感性。     

喀斯特土壤厚度和水分变化对两种菊科草本种子及果实的物候、可塑性和子代种子萌发率的影响（英文）

缺水的浅层土壤是植物在脆弱喀斯特地区生长和繁殖的关键限制因素。一年生草本植物是适应喀斯特地区严苛生境的先驱,但其繁殖策略对短缺水资源和有限土壤资源的双重限制响应尚不明确。因此,在这项研究中,我们通过评估果序和种子的数量、生物量和后代种子的发芽率,研究了两种一年生的菊科草本苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum）和三叶鬼针草（Bidens pilosa）在恶劣的喀斯特土壤环境中,种子和果实物候的可塑性和后代种子萌发率。苍耳和三叶鬼针草在完整的双向随机区组设计中,设置了三种土壤深度和三种水分梯度下生长。主要研究结果如下：（1）随着土壤厚度或（和）水分的降低,苍耳的子代数量（种子和果实）和生物量显著减少（P<0.05）,三叶鬼针草在水分降低时增加果序和种子的生物量。（2）苍耳的亲本经历了资源减少后,种子数量和种子生物量没有相关性,而三叶鬼针草中种子数量和种子生物量之间存在显着的正相关（P<0.05）。（3）三种水分处理条件下,苍耳种子的萌发率没有随土壤厚度的减少而变化。对照条件下,随着土壤厚度的减小,三叶鬼针草的种子萌发率显著降低（P<0.05）。结果表明,苍耳倾向于通...     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE PENGXIAN ACTIVE BLIND FAULT IN THE CENTRAL LONGMEN SHAN FRONT BELT

The Pengxian blind fault is a typical active fault in the central Longmen Shan front belt. It has important reference value for understanding the growth mode and process of the eastern Tibetan plateau. Because the fault is covered by the thick Upper Cenozoic strata in the western Sichuan Basin, its three-dimensional spatial distribution, structural style and formation mechanism remain unclear. In this paper, based on several high-resolution 3-D seismic reflection profiles, together with near-surface geological data and borehole data, we investigate the structural geometry of the Pengxian blind fault and build a 3-D model based on the results. We analyze the shape and scale of underground spatial distribution of the fault through a three-dimensional fault model. According to the theory of fault-related fold and fold-accommodation fault, this paper discusses the forming mechanism of the Pengxian buried structures. The shallow tectonic deformation in front of Longmen Shan is closely related to the detachment layer of the Middle and Lower Triassic, and this detachment layer f1 horizontally propagates into the Longquanshan anticline in the western Sichuan Basin. The Pengxian buried fault is a typical fault-bend fold and the f1 horizontally propagates into the western Sichuan Basin with a fault slip of 3.5km. The Pengxian blind fault is a high angle(50°~60°)thrust fault developed in the front wing of the kink-band zone, striking NE-SW, with a total length of~50km; But the fault is not connected with the Dayi buried fault in the south section of Longmen Shan. They are two different faults, and this defines the scale of the Pengxian blind fault. This limitation makes sense for analyzing and evaluating the magnitudes of potential earthquake. All above study provides research basis for further analysis of the potential seismic risk in this area. The Pengxian blind fault is parallel to the anticlinal axis with small amount of offset as a fold-accommodation fault. We believe that the fault formation is related to the fold deformation of the fold front limb. The study reveals the geometry, kinematics and formation mechanism of the Pengxian active fault, and provides a basis for further analysis of fault activity and hazard. Therefore, there is little possibility of strong earthquakes at the Pengxian blind fault due to its formation mechanism of the fault which is generally characterized by fold deformation and shortening deformation. In this paper, we discuss the location of Pengxian blind fault in the middle of Longmen Shan and Sichuan Basin. Because the Pengxian buried structures are in the transition area, the shortening amount in Pengxian indicates that the absorption in the basin is quite limited. It reflects the blocking effect of Sichuan Basin. In the study, we find that the relationship between folds, faults and sediments is an important part of tectonic interpretation; the theory of fault-related fold and fold-accommodation fault is well used for analysis. This would have great significance for the study of structural deformation, which can help to build a three-dimensional model of fault.