Forecast of blind ore body in Zhangcaigou area around Wulaga gold deposit

By the study of metalflogenetic conditions and ore-controUing factors, the metallogenetic indicators in geology, geochemistry and geophysics about Wulaga gold deposit have been obtained. Using the indicators the blind ore bodies have been forecasted in Zhangcaigou area. By drilling check, a gold-bearing ore body with 3 m thickness in an average tenor of 20.4 × 10^-6at the depth of 70 m has been found in the forecast area. It shows that the forecast method should be effective.     

Influence of the seagrass,Zostera marina L., on current flow

A salt-water flume was used to describe the mechanics of current flow around an articial Zostera marina meadow. Shear velocity and roughness height were positively correlated with seagrass surface area, and were positively/negatively correlated with current velocity. Current velocity intrusion into the meadow before diminution and maximum reduction (both at the 2 cm height line) proceed by factors of 1·25 and 2·07 cm into the meadow per cm s^?1 of current velocity, respectively.Froude number was correlated with mean bending angle of the canopy as a whole. Maximum bending had occurred with Froude = 1, but most bending had taken place by Froude = 0·4, a velocity of 40–50 cm s^?1 in this experiment.The meadow edge is the most dynamic zone of a seagrass meadow in regard to current flow. Bending of the shoot canopy is a mechanism for re-direction of current flow and in-canopy reduction of current velocity. Meadow dimensions may be regulated by scouring processes in different hydraulic regimes. Shoot bending and subsequent in-meadow current velocity reduction are mechanisms that affect self-shading and photosynthetic capabilities as well as providing habitat stability.     

Photon escape probabilities in expanding atmospheres

A comparison of mean number of scatterings and escape probabilities has been made in isotropic scattering and dipole scattering by using the angle-averaged partial frequency redistribution functionR _I. We have solved the equations of radiative transfer and statistical equilibrium simultaneously in a spherically symmetric expanding atmosphere. Two cases of atmospheric extension (i.e.)B/A=3 and 10 (whereB andA are the outer and inner radii of the atmosphere) have been treated. We find that the partial frequency redistribution gives a larger mean number of scatterings compared to that given by complete redistribution. Velocities tend to reduce the mean number of scatterings and in crease the mean escape probabilities.     

Transition spectra of dynamical systems

The spectra of ‘stretching numbers’ (or ‘local Lyapunov characteristic numbers’) are different in the ordered and in the chaotic domain. We follow the variation of the spectrum as we move from the centre of an island outwards until we reach the chaotic domain. As we move outwards the number of abrupt maxima in the spectrum increases. These maxima correspond to maxima or minima in the curve a(θ), where a is the stretching number, and θ the azimuthal angle. We explain the appearance of new maxima in the spectra of ordered orbits. The orbits just outside the last KAM curve are confined close to this curve for a long time (stickiness time) because of the existence of cantori surrounding the island, but eventually escape to the large chaotic domain further outside. The spectra of sticky orbits resemble those of the ordered orbits just inside the last KAM curve, but later these spectra tend to the invariant spectrum of the chaotic domain. The sticky spectra are invariant during the stickiness time. The stickiness time increases exponentially as we approach an island of stability, but very close to an island the increase is super exponential. The stickiness time varies substantially for nearby orbits; thus we define a probability of escape P_n(x) at time n for every point x. Only the average escape time in a not very small interval Δx around each x is reliable. Then we study the convergence of the spectra to the final, invariant spectrum. We define the number of iterations, N, needed to approach the final spectrum within a given accuracy. In the regular domain N is small, while in the chaotic domain it is large. In some ordered cases the convergence is anomalously slow. In these cases the maximum value of a_k in the continued fraction expansion of the rotation number a = [a₀,a₁,... a_k,...] is large. The ordered domain contains small higher order chaotic domains and higher order islands. These can be located by calculating orbits starting at various points along a line parallel to the q-axis. A monotonic variation of the sup {q}as a function of the initial condition q₀ indicates ordered motions, a jump indicates the crossing of a localized chaotic domain, and a V-shaped structure indicates the crossing of an island. But sometimes the V-shaped structure disappears if the orbit is calculated over longer times. This is due to a near resonance of the rotation number, that is not followed by stable islands. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

顾及不同LEO卫星数量及轨道误差的GPS/LEO联合PPP

为解决现有单系统GPS PPP收敛速度较慢的问题,选取不同卫星数量构成的LEO星座系统,根据观测值仿真原理得到待估点来自低轨卫星的伪距观测值和相位观测值;选取CPVG、WUH2、KOUG、IISC、FUCN测站,利用GPS及仿真附加轨道误差的LEO星座观测数据进行静态精密单点定位,以分析LEO星座的增强效果。结果表明： 1）在原有GPS系统中加入LEO星座后,3种组合场景下平均可见卫星数量分别增加9.7、19.4、31.3颗,PDOP值分别减少0.7、0.9、1.1; 2）收敛时间快速缩短,由单系统GPS卫星的17.1 min分别降至4.7 min、2.1 min、1.5 min,收敛时间分别缩短67.3%、84.4%、89.5%; 3）E方向上的RMS值分别提升34.4%、59.4%、72.9%,N方向上分别提升37.4%、60.3%、67.3%,U方向上分别提升55.9%、71.7%、79.6%。LEO星座对GPS PPP的性能提升巨大,对于指导LEO星座增强GPS系统设计及拓展精密单点定位的应用场景具有一定价值。     

黄土缓坡片蚀过程及其水力参数适宜性试验研究

为确定黄土缓坡片蚀过程中侵蚀限制条件的变化及水力参数的适宜性,采用模拟降雨试验,在60 mm/h雨强、3种坡度（7.5°、10°、15°）和2种坡长（5 m和10 m）条件下,验证含沙量作为表征参量判定片蚀过程侵蚀限制条件的可行性,提出检验水力参数与产沙量作用关系适宜性的评价方法。结果表明:①依据含沙量随径流的变化规律,片蚀过程依次经历输沙能力限制阶段、剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅰ和剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅱ共3个侵蚀阶段,其中剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅰ的侵蚀量占绝对优势。②从水力参数的适宜性来看,径流功率和雷诺数均能很好地表征与产沙量的关系,径流剪切力和弗劳德数则不能有效反映与产沙量的关系。③在不同侵蚀限制阶段,径流功率和雷诺数与产沙量的作用关系是不同的。输沙能力限制阶段和剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅱ时,径流功率和雷诺数与产沙量分别呈指数关系和线性正相关关系;剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅰ时,该2种水力参数均与产沙量呈线性负相关关系,但作用关系不唯一,且存在雷诺数临界值,即在输沙能力限制阶段和剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅱ,径流功率和雷诺数与产沙量的作用关系不受坡长效应影响;在剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅰ,需要同时考虑坡长和雷诺数临界值的共同影响。该研究结果可为深入理解片蚀过程的复杂性提供参考依据。     

水资源空间均衡评估模型构建及应用

为弥补当前水资源空间均衡评估中对指标模糊性和信息动态性考虑不足的缺陷,基于可变集原理及偏联系数方法构建一种新的水资源空间均衡评估模型。采用可变集方法计算评价对象的相对隶属度,获取级别特征值;利用偏联系数方法探究信息演化对级别的影响,得到基于支持度最大原则的定级策略;综合二者结果对水资源空间均衡状况进行评估。将模型应用于2017年中国31个省级行政区的结果表明:①中国东南地区水资源空间均衡程度良好,西北地区较差,南方优于北方、东部优于西部;②北京市等17个省级行政区的水资源空间均衡状态呈现不同程度的负向演化态势,亟待进一步加强管理,其余地区呈现良性的发展态势;③四川等省份各指标的均衡程度差异较大,需针对性地进行调控与优化。     

桥墩墩型对平衡冰塞水位影响的试验研究

冰塞的出现使上游水位壅高,极易诱发凌洪灾害。桥墩墩型是影响桥墩附近冰塞壅水的重要因素之一。通过模型试验,对不同墩型影响下的平衡冰塞水位增值过程进行研究,并与无桥墩条件和明流情况进行了对比。试验结果表明:在试验冰水流量比条件下,当Fr≤0.145时,无桥墩条件下平衡冰塞水位增值小于有桥墩;当Fr>0.145时,无桥墩条件下平衡冰塞水位增值大于有桥墩;桥墩墩型引起的平衡冰塞水位增值由大到小排序为长方形桥墩、尖端形桥墩、圆端形桥墩和圆柱形桥墩。易发生冰塞的河段,建造桥梁时应当尽量选用圆柱形、圆端形桥墩。     

观测卫星的选择对基线解算的影响

现代工程测量中,GPS已经取代传统测量成为重要的控制网布设手段.GPS控制网中控制点的精度取决于基线解算精度,因此,提高基线结算精度是GPS控制网应用中的重要课题.本文基于TGO平台,通过实验,分析研究观测卫星的后处理选择对于基线解算精度的影响,进而掌握符合工程应用的解算技巧.     

湖南省锡矿山锑矿床飞水岩矿段构造叠加晕研究及深部预测

锡矿山锑矿床为严格受构造控制的热液型矿床,成矿成晕具有多期多阶段叠加的特点;F75断裂破碎带中元素的含量及叠加晕特征表明,该断裂不仅是导矿构造,而且在局部有利部位成为储矿构造;文章以飞水岩矿段为例,总结了矿体的元素组合及其相关关系,确定了不同成矿阶段矿体的特征元素;单一次成矿形成的原生晕轴向分带序列是As,Hg,F,Li,Ba→Sb→Ag,Cu,Pb,Zn→Mo,Bi,Mn,Co→Ni,Ti,V,W,Sn,Sr;在识别不同成矿阶段的矿体(晕)在空间上的叠加结构基础上,建立了矿床构造叠加晕模式,确定了盲矿预测标志,对矿床深部进行盲矿预测,提出了盲矿的找矿靶位;初步验证工作表明,构造叠加晕方法对锡矿山锑矿飞水岩矿段深部盲矿体的预测效果较好。