低弗劳德数水流二级消力池水力特性试验研究

针对低弗劳德数水流消能问题,在确定单级消力池和二级消力池体型的基础上,采用物理模型试验方法,分别研究了低弗劳德数水流单级和二级消力池的水力特性和消能结构特性。结果表明,在低弗劳德数水流条件下,二级消力池将原单级消力池出池水面较大波动区变成了适应区,对下游尾水位的适应区间显著增加,出池水面波动更小。同时,单级消力池内流线更加稀疏,流速梯度更小;消力池涡量大小明显低于二级消力池,而雷诺应力明显大于二级消力池;二级消力池内雷诺应力大小分区较单级消力池更明显,表面旋滚区明显大于底部旋滚区,水流更加稳定。相比单级消力池,二级消力池消能率显著提高,且有利于下游河床和岸边的防冲保护,工程应用更为有利。     

Accuracy of the kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximations for time-independent flows with infiltration included

Errors in the kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximation for time-independent (or steady-state) cases of channel flow with infiltration were derived for three types of boundary conditions: zero flow at the upstream end, and critical flow depth and zero depth gradient at the downstream end. The diffusion wave approximation was found to be in excellent agreement with the dynamic wave approximation, with errors of less than 1·4% for KF²₀≥7·5, and up to 14% for KF²₀≤0·75 for the upstream boundary condition of zero discharge and finite depth, where K is the kinematic wave number and F₀ is the Froude number. The kinematic wave approximation was reasonably accurate except at the channel boundaries and for small values of KF²₀ (≤1). The accuracy of these approximations was significantly influenced by the downstream boundary, both in terms of the magnitude of the error and the segment of the channel reach for which these approximations would be applicable. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽宁五龙金矿构造叠加晕研究

五龙金矿是辽东矿集区的大型石英脉型金矿床,累计黄金储量超过80吨,平均品位为5.35g/t。随着开采量的增加,目前该矿床开采深度达近千米,保有储量不断减少,步入危机矿山行列,急需开展矿区深部找矿预测研究,实现寻找深部盲矿的有效突破。本次研究在前人研究工作的基础上,分析五龙金矿床矿石微量元素地球化学特征,运用相关分析、聚类分析、因子分析等多元统计方法,对五龙金矿构造叠加晕进行了系统研究。结果显示,五龙金矿成矿过程具有多期次和多阶段的特征,各指示元素在矿体轴向上具有前缘晕、近矿晕、与尾晕相互叠加的现象,该现象是深部盲矿预测的重要依据,反映了深部有盲矿存在的可能性。     

底拖网渔具的采样设计对三疣梭子蟹资源量指数估算的影响

在渔业资源调查中,采样方案直接影响资源量估算的准确性,对采样方案进行优化可以提高调查数据的质量。基于2007年使用单拖网渔船在长江口——杭州湾及其邻近海域调查获得的数据,模拟出该海域三疣梭子蟹的资源数量及各季节的分布情况,作为“真值”,模拟计算不同采样方案调查获得的三疣梭子蟹资源量并与“真值”进行比较,评估不同方案的采样效果。本文利用计算机模拟了定点采样、简单随机采样、分层定点采样和分层随机采样四种采样方法,其中,定点采样和简单随机采样分别设置了9个、16个和24个采样站位,分层定点采样和分层随机采样设置了16个采样站位。三疣梭子蟹对拖网渔具的反应距离受年龄、季节和底质等条件的影响,因此,设置了1.5m,3m和5m三种反应距离。结果表明：分层采样设计优于不分层采样,简单随机采样优于定点采样。模拟结果的准确度随着采样站位数量的增加而提高,例如,定点采样方案中,9个站位时相对估算误差（REE）的最大值为163.43%,最小值为49.40%,而24个站位时REE的最大值和最小值分别是38.62%和4.15%。随着反应距离的增加,REE值和相对偏差的绝对值（RAB）逐渐降低。三疣梭子蟹的资源密集区和资源密度方差大的季节对模拟结果具有显著影响,因此,掌握该区域的资源密度情况或者进行预调查都能使采样设计方案更加合理。本研究可为底拖网渔具对三疣梭子蟹及其他物种的采样设计提供参考。     

Numerical simulation of flow around a circular cylinder close to a flat seabed at high Reynolds numbers using a k–ε model

High Reynolds number flows around a circular cylinder close to a flat seabed have been computed using a two-dimensional standard high Reynolds number k–ε turbulence model. The effects of gap to diameter ratio, Reynolds number and flat seabed roughness for a given boundary layer thickness of the inlet flow upstream of the cylinder have been investigated. Hydrodynamic quantities and the resulting bedload transport have been predicted, and the vortex shedding mechanisms have been investigated. Predictions of hydrodynamic quantities around a cylinder located far away from the bed (so that the effect of the bed is negligible) are in satisfactory agreement with published experimental data and numerical results obtained for the flow around an isolated cylinder. Results for lower Reynolds number flows have also been computed for comparison with the high Reynolds number flow results. Overall it appears that the present approach is suitable for design purposes at high Reynolds numbers which are present near the seabed in the real ocean.     

高(多)光谱数据的背景-异常子空间模型研究

本文引用独立成分分析与盲信号分离的理论,从遥感高(多)光谱数据的基本统计特征出发,对其概率密度分布作出了分类与解释,并同图像数据的背景与异常建立了联系。在此基础上,对高(多)光谱数据点阵分布的空间几何结构进行了深入的研究分析,推断出遥感高(多)光谱数据集合的高维空间属于低维几何结构-"超平面"形态,而包含蚀变信息在内的异常点群通常会游离在"超平面"之外。然后,对主成分分析(PCA)的信号-噪声模型加以引申,提出了遥感图像多元数据集合高维空间的背景-异常信号子空间可划分的概念,并给出了子空间划分的阈值估计方法。同时,探讨了遥感图像的端元数目、多波段数据集合的本征维数、主要背景地物数目三者之间的关系;通过西藏驱龙地区两种类型遥感数据的实例分析,说明了本文所讨论的光谱数据空间的低维结构以及背景-异常子空间模型在遥感高(多)光谱数据分析应用中的正确性与实用性。研究结果表明:尽管不同自然景观区的遥感图像的光谱变化复杂,而它们的光谱数据空间属于低维几何结构,以及背景-异常(含噪声)子空间的可分性是其具有共性的本质特征。在统计意义上蚀变异常在遥感高(多)光谱数据集合中是可识别的。     

图像端元全自动提取方法研究

传统端元提取算法一般需要人工指定端元数目,易导致多选或漏选端元。提出了一种端元全自动提取方法,通过研究分类结果的均方根误差、端元间光谱相关性与端元数目的关系,设置两种循环结束条件,当分类结果的均方根误差最小或端元间恰未出现强相关现象时,获得最佳端元数。实验表明,该方法是正确有效的,能够克服现有方法的不足,提高了端元提取自动化程度。     

卤虫休眠卵的若干生物学特性研究进展

结合作者的研究工作对卤虫休眠卵的耐性、形态结构、胚胎发育及细胞(核)数目、以及卤虫休眠卵的生化适应性等方面的国内外研究成果及现状进行了综述,并提出应该在现有的研究基础上对Clegg的假设、卤虫卵内hsp70的分子结构特征、卤虫卵的卵壳结构及卤虫卵亚壳层的功能等方面进行深入研究,为卤虫休眠卵的基础生物学研究积累资料.     

基于端元独立性的端元数目自动获取方法

目前端元数目主要是图像处理者目视判读影像获得的经验值,往往与影像中实际典型地物种类数目不符合。根据端元数目取值不同时的分类结果均方根误差(RMSE)的大小,能够得到实际端元数,但该方法因多次分类导致计算量过大。本文在研究端元间光谱相关性与端元数目之间关系的基础上,提出一种基于端元独立性的端元数目自动获取方法。与基于RMSE的端元数目自动获取方法的对比实验表明,该方法不仅能够正确有效地获取实际端元数,提高端元提取自动化程度,而且能够大大减少运算时间。     

Spatial and seasonal variations in the ecological characteristics of the free-living nematode assemblages in a large microtidal estuary

This study has determined the ways in which the density, number of species, species composition and trophic structure of free-living nematode assemblages in the subtidal waters of a large southern hemisphere microtidal estuary change spatially and seasonally, and has explored whether those four biotic characteristics are related to certain environmental factors. Based on data derived from samples collected seasonally at 12 sites throughout the estuary, the densities and number of species of nematodes decreased progressively with distance from estuary mouth, to reach a minimum at sites where salinities were most variable, and then increased slightly in the uppermost part of the estuary where salinities were least. Densities were also generally greatest in spring, due largely to increases in the abundance of epistrate-grazing species at this time and thus when the amount of primary food (microphytobenthos) peaked. The spatial distribution of the composition of the nematode assemblages was closely correlated with salinity and, to a lesser extent, grain-size composition and amount of particulate organic material (%POM) in the sediment. Although species composition changed sequentially along the estuary, the change was particularly pronounced between sites above and below the area where salinities started to decline markedly and become more variable and %POM increased markedly. This reflected, in particular, far greater abundances of Spirinia parasitifera at the six downstream sites and of Theristus sp. 1 at the six sites further upstream. Species composition underwent pronounced seasonal cyclical changes at all sites, presumably reflecting interspecific differences in the timing of peak reproduction and thus of recruitment. The trophic structure of the nematode assemblages changed both spatially and temporally in relation to the relative abundance of different food sources. Thus, for example, non-selective deposit feeders, such as Theristus sp. 1, dominated samples in the upper estuary, where %POM was by far the greatest, and was rare or absent at downstream sites. Conversely, epistrate grazers, such as species of the Chromadoridae, were most abundant at downstream sites in spring, when the density of the microphytobenthos reached its maximum.