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31.
深部矿产资源的勘查是战略性矿产资源勘查的一个重要方面。找矿实践证明,化探方法技术在矿产勘查乃至深部找矿中发挥了重要的、不可或缺的作用。找矿工作的不断深入和找矿难度的不断加大,促使化探方法技术不断的发展和完善,在传统方法技术的基础上,研发出了许多新的方法技术。本文从方法论和系统论的角度出发,对现有的找寻深部隐伏矿盲矿的有效化探方法技术进行了系统的归纳和总结,提出了立体地球化学勘查方法技术体系的概念,将立体地球化学勘查方法技术划分为地面地球化学测量方法技术和地下地球化学测量方法技术,建立了深部矿产资源立体地球化学勘查方法技术体系。不同的方法技术有不同的优势和不同的适用条件,实际工作中应当根据不同的勘查阶段,不同的勘查目的和不同的地质地球化学条件选择不同的立体方法技术组合才能发挥出最大效益,取得最大效果。 相似文献
32.
干旱山地生态系统植物群落不同尺度下物种数的变化特征 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
对典型干旱山地生态系统不同生境(土质山坡,石质山坡)的植物群落在不同取样几度下所测定的植物物种数的变化情况进行分析。采用了曲线拟合和分形维数相结合的分析方法进行探讨。从物种数随取样尺度的变化曲线(对数曲线)看(p〈0.01),土质山坡植物群落(草本植物群落)曲线比较平滑,石质山坡(草本和灌丛混合群落)曲线较粗糙。两个样地植物群落物种数在不同取样尺度下变化的趋势不同。分形维数变化趋势表明,两个样地植物物种数随取样尺度(r)变化趋势的差别较大,土质山坡植物群落物种数空间变化异质性不大。可以找到合适的取样面积;石质山坡物种数变化的空间异质性大,物种分布空间格局较复杂。在整个山坡范围内没有合适的取样面积。因此,建议在干旱山地石质山坡上进行植物群落研究时采用设置典型样方方法,同时尽量增加样方数量,使取样尽量代表整个山坡植被。 相似文献
33.
34.
Thomas K. Flesch Lowry A. Harper Raymond L. Desjardins Zhiling Gao Brian P. Crenna 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,132(1):11-30
Inverse-dispersion calculations can be used to infer atmospheric emission rates through a combination of downwind gas concentrations
and dispersion model predictions. With multiple concentration sensors downwind of a compound source (whose component positions
are known) it is possible to calculate the component emissions. With this in mind, a field experiment was conducted to examine
the feasibility of such multi-source inferences, using four synthetic area sources and eight concentration sensors arranged
in different configurations. Multi-source problems tend to be mathematically ill-conditioned, as expressed by the condition
number κ. In our most successful configuration (average κ = 4.2) the total emissions from all sources were deduced to within 10% on average, while component emissions were deduced
to within 50%. In our least successful configuration (average κ = 91) the total emissions were calculated to within only 50%, and component calculations were highly inaccurate. Our study
indicates that the most accurate multi-source inferences will occur if each sensor is influenced by only a single source.
A “progressive” layout is the next best: one sensor is positioned to “see” only one source, the next sensor is placed to see
the first source and another, a third sensor is placed to see the previous two plus a third, and so on. When it is not possible
to isolate any sources κ is large and the accuracy of a multi-source inference is doubtful. 相似文献
35.
36.
An alternative Boussinesq equation considering the effect of hysteresis on coastal groundwater waves 下载免费PDF全文
This paper presents an alternative Boussinesq equation considering hysteresis effect via a third‐order derivative term. By introducing an improved moisture–pressure retention function, this equation describes, with reasonable precision, groundwater propagation in coastal aquifers subject to Dirichlet boundary condition of different oscillation frequencies. Test results confirmed that it is necessary to consider horizontal and vertical flows in unsaturated zone, because of their variable influences on hysteresis. Hysteresis in unsaturated zone can affect the water table wave number of groundwater wave motion, such as wave damping rate and phase lag. Oscillations with different periods exert different hysteresis effect on wave propagation. Truncation/shrinkage of unsaturated zones also affects the strength of hysteresis. These impacts can be reflected in the alternative Boussinesq equation by adjusting the parameter representing the variation rate of moisture associated with pressure change, as opposed to traditional computationally expensive hysteresis algorithms. The present Boussinesq equation is simple to use and can provide feasible basis for future coupling of groundwater and surface water models. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
37.
Sophie Cauvy‐Fraunié Patricio Andino Rodrigo Espinosa Roger Calvez Fabien Anthelme Dean Jacobsen Olivier Dangles 《水文研究》2014,28(6):3008-3017
Equatorial glacier‐fed streams present unique hydraulic patterns when compared to glacier‐fed observed in temperate regions as the main variability in discharge occurs on a daily basis. To assess how benthic fauna respond to these specific hydraulic conditions, we investigated the relationships between flow regime, hydraulic conditions (boundary Reynolds number, Re*), and macroinvertebrate communities (taxon richness and abundance) in a tropical glacier‐fed stream located in the high Ecuadorian Andes (> 4000 m). Both physical and biotic variables were measured under four discharge conditions (base‐flow and glacial flood pulses of various intensities), at 30 random points, in two sites whose hydraulic conditions were representative to those found in other streams of the study catchment. While daily glacial flood pulses significantly increased hydraulic stress in the benthic habitats (appearance of Re* > 2000), low stress areas still persisted even during extreme flood events (Re* < 500). In contrast to previous research in temperate glacier‐fed streams, taxon richness and abundance were not significantly affected by changes in hydraulic conditions induced by daily glacial flood pulses. However, we found that a few rare taxa, in particular rare ones, preferentially occurred in highly stressed hydraulic habitats. Monte‐Carlo simulations of benthic communities under glacial flood reduction scenarios predicted that taxon richness would be significantly reduced by the loss of high hydraulic stress habitats following glacier shrinking. This pioneer study on the relationship between hydraulic conditions and benthic diversity in an equatorial glacial stream evidenced unknown effects of climate change on singular yet endangered aquatic systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
38.
The effect of expansion ratio on the critical Reynolds number in single fracture flow with sudden expansion 下载免费PDF全文
Flow in a single fracture (SF) is an important research subject in groundwater hydrology, hydraulic engineering, radioactive nuclear waste repository and geotechnical engineering. An abruptly changing aperture is a unique type of SF. This study discusses the relation between the values of the critical Reynolds number (Rec) for the onset of symmetry breaking of flow and the expansion ratio (E) of SF, which is defined as the ratio between the outlet (D) and inlet (d) apertures. This study also investigates the effect of inlet aperture d on Rec for flow in an SF with abruptly changing apertures (SF‐ACA) using the finite volume method. Earlier numerical and experimental results showed that flow is symmetric in respect to the central plane of the SF‐ACA at small Reynolds number (Re) but becomes asymmetric when Re is sufficiently large. Our simulations show that the value of Rec decreases with the increasing E, and the relationship between the logarithm of Rec and E can be described accurately using either a quadratic polynomial function or a logarithmic function. However, the relationship of Rec and d for a given E value is vague, and Rec becomes even less sensitive to d when E increases. This study also reveals that the hydraulic gradient (J) and flow velocity (v) follow a super‐linear relationship that can be fitted almost perfectly by the Forchheimer equation. The inertial component (Ji) of J increases monotonically with Re, whereas the viscous component (Jv) of J decreases monotonically with Re. The Re value corresponding to equal inertial and viscous components of J (named as the transitional point Re) decreases when E increases, and such a transitional point Re should be closely related to the critical Reynolds number Rec, although a rigorous theoretical proof is not yet available. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
39.
Halin图G=T∪C,其中T为每一非悬挂点(内点)度数至少为3的平面树,C为连接T的所有悬挂点的圈.文章分别讨论了Halin图的星色数、面色数及分数色数. 相似文献
40.
利用天津城区2009-2014年春节期间大气气溶胶观测资料和相关气象资料,重点分析2013和2014年春节期间气溶胶污染特征,探求燃放烟花爆竹以及气象条件对春节期间大气气溶胶的影响。结果表明,受燃放烟花爆竹影响,春节期间PM_(2.5)质量浓度最高值均发生在除夕夜间;持续雾霾天气条件下燃放烟花爆竹,造成2013年除夕夜间PM_(2.5)质量浓度峰值达到1240μg·m~(-3),是近年来最严重的一次;2014年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放量有所减少,加之空气扩散条件较为有利,PM_(2.5)质量浓度显著低于2013年;不同天气条件下,气溶胶数浓度谱分布特征存在明显差异,燃放烟花爆竹期间气溶胶数浓度水平与严重雾-霾天气相当。 相似文献