祁连山海北高寒湿地微气象日变化特征

利用2004年的观测资料分析了青海海北高寒湿地微气象要素的日变化特征,结果表明,辐射、热量平衡各分量日平均变化中,瞬时最高值出现在中午,最低在早晨。地面长波有效辐射日最高出现在中午,日最低出现在下午。地面反射率表现出早晚高白天低的"U"型分布状况,1月日最低达0.68,而7月日最低仅为0.12。动量通量、垂直风速、水平风速、摩擦速度等均在下午大,夜间到清晨小。垂直风速除10月全天为上升运动外,其他月份夜间还出现下沉运动,而且冬季明显。海北高寒湿地夏季热强明显,冷季热强减弱。因湿地长久积水,地温日变化平稳,40 cm地温<0℃的维持时间不到2个月,60 cm地温全年均>0℃,即季节冻结层浅薄。     

新疆地区区域应力场特征及强震间库仑应力变化探讨

首先利用新疆地区自1900年以来的828个M_S≥3.0地震的震源机制解,采用区域应力张量阻尼反演方法获得新疆地区区域应力场特征,结果显示新疆地区区域应力状态大多数地震为逆断和走滑性质,最大水平主压应力优势方位近SN向,伴有局部地区的拉张和剪切作用。然后根据区域应力场特征及区内强震空间分布特征,划分为天山地区、喀什—乌恰地区以及昆仑—阿尔金三个地区,并对区内强震间的库仑应力变化进行计算。得出天山地区强震对后续地震的发生几乎影响不大,个别地震存在延缓发生的现象;喀什—乌恰交汇区是强震多发区,且震中位置分布较密集,地震之间触发或延迟作用明显;昆仑—阿尔金地区除2008年于田地震对2014年于田地震的发生有一定的触发作用外,其他地震之间的影响作用不大。最后,计算强震对周边断层的库仑应力变化,结果发现博罗科努断裂西侧中段、卡兹克阿尔特断裂西段、木吉断裂西段以及和田断裂西段不同程度的库仑应力增加,具有一定的地震危险性。     

Periods of rapid environmental change around 12 500 and 10 000 years B.P., as recorded in Swiss lake deposits

In the sediment of three Swiss lakes at a range of altitude from 514 to 2017 m, the Bölling and the Preboreal are recognized as two periods of rapid biotic changes. The main reason is rapid climatic change that triggered shifts in different groups of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Although these groups would be expected to have very different response times, e.g., to increasing summer temperature, their assemblages responded with surprizing synchroneity. For extracting climatic signals from stratigraphies, the quickly responsive indicators like oxygen isotopes or beetles are useful. For understanding ecological dynamics under a changing climate, the comparison of biota with various response time are important.This is the sixth of a series of papers to be published by this journal that was presented in the paleolimnology sessions organized by R. B. Davis and H. Löffler for the XIIth Congress of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA), which took place in Ottawa, Canada in August 1987. Drs. Davis and Löffler are serving as guest editors of this series.     

高州水库轮虫垂直分布的季节变化

本文为高州水库轮虫调查(1988)的第三部分。各水层轮虫数量的季节变化是:上层(5米以上水层),春季占82.5％,夏季占67％,冬季占65.2％,秋季由于轮虫种群向中层(10至15米)迁移,只占46.5％;下层(20至30米)各季节轮虫数量一般少于8％。除7、8月份外,它们的最大密度都在2-4米水层。轮虫垂直变化的特点主要是由占轮虫总量83％的8种优势轮虫所形成。文中还讨论了水温、水深、风和其他因素对轮虫垂直分布的巨大影响。     

历史时期广东省旱涝变化及其层次分析

根据历史时期广东的旱涝灾害史料建立了该地区1480～1939年间旱涝指数序列,并采用小波分析、功率谱分析对该序列进行了研究。分析认为,从历史时期来看,广东的旱涝变化主要存在准7年、15年、23年左右的准周期,不同的历史时期主要影响周期不尽相同。旱涝指数的多尺度分析表明,广东在本世纪整体上将处于偏涝期,但自2000(±5)年已开始进入偏旱期,2010(±5)年左右达到最旱,这种偏旱状况将一致持续到2040(±5)左右,期间也会有较小强度的偏涝期出现。预计2040(±5)年之后广东将有较大强度的偏涝期出现,而且在未来几十甚至百年内的旱涝变化幅度有增大的趋势。由于高层次上的偏旱(涝)期常常包含有若干个低层次上的偏旱和偏涝期,因此在对未来气候变化趋势进行预测时,离开具体的时间尺度谈气候变化是没有意义的。     

Petrogenesis of the Paleoproterozoic basalt–andesite–rhyolite dyke association in the Carajás region, Amazonian craton

Paleoproterozoic basaltic, andesitic and rhyolitic dykes crosscut the Archaean Carajás basement. Basalts are distinguished into a high and a low TiO₂ group (HTi and LTi), each group consisting of geochemically distinct NE- and NW-trending swarms. The HTi dykes are evolved transitional basalts having essentially EMORB-type geochemistry. The LTi basalts are tholeiites (NE-trending swarm) and high-Al basalts (NW-trending swarm) displaying incompatible trace elements patterns with variably negative Nb anomaly, enrichment in Rb, Ba, K (LILE) and La, Ce and Nd (LREE) and positive Sr anomaly. With respect to orogenic analogues, andesites have lower Al₂O₃, CaO and Ni, higher FeO, LILE, LREE, Nb, Zr and Ti and negative Sr anomaly. Rhyolites have geochemical characteristics comparable with those of A-type granites. At 1.8 Ga, ranges from 0.700 to 0.705 in the HTi basalts and from 0.700 to 0.704 in the LTi group. Andesites define an isochron of 1874±110 Ma (Sr_o=0.7038±0.0010). Rhyolites from Southern and Northern Carajás define two isochrons of 1802±130 Ma (Sr_o=0.7062±0.0046) and 1535±82 Ga (Sr_o=0.7625) respectively, the younger date being interpreted as resetting of the Rb–Sr isotopic system. We propose a petrogenetic model relating LTi basalts with melting of lithospheric mantle metasomatized by acid melts derived from incipient melting of eclogites, representing in turn the subsolidus product of basaltic batches trapped in the mantle. The HTi basalts are explained by melting of the lithospheric mantle containing the complementary residual eclogite. Andesite petrogenesis is consistent with crystal fractionation from a high-Mg andesite parent derived from a mantle source more extensively metasomatized by eclogite-derived melts. Rhyolite composition is consistent with low melting degree of the basement rocks. The basalt–andesite–rhyolite dykes may represent the effects of crustal extension and arching in Carajás, which produced the anorogenic acid to intermediate magmatism (Uatumã group) and affecting a large part of the Amazon craton between 1.85 and 1.7 Ga.     

Distinguishing and correlating multiple phases of metamorphism across a multiply deformed region using the axes of spiral, staircase and sigmoidal inclusion trails in garnet

Schists from the Appalachian Orogen in south-east Vermont have undergone multiple phases of garnet growth. These phases can be distinguished by the trend and relative timing of f oliation i nflexion or i ntersection a xes (FIAs) of foliations preserved as inclusion trails in garnet porphyroblasts. The relative timing of different generations of FIAs is determined from samples containing porphyroblasts with two or three differently trending FIAs developed outwards from core to rim (multi-FIA porphyroblasts). Schists from south-east Vermont show a consistent pattern of relative clockwise rotation of FIA trends from oldest to youngest. Four populations or sets of FIAs can be distinguished on the basis of their relative timings and trends. From oldest to youngest, the four sets have modal peaks trending SW–NE, W–E, NNW–SSE and SSW–NNE. These peaks show that each of the four FIA sets has a statistically consistent trend at all scales across a 35×125 km area containing numerous mesoscopic and macroscopic folds. The FIAs of Set 4 are defined by inclusion trails that are continuous with matrix foliations, have trends subparallel to most folds and are inferred to have developed contemporaneously with these structures. Conversely, Sets 1 to 3 are oblique to and pre-date most matrix foliations and folds. All four FIA sets occur in Siluro-Devonian rocks and must have formed in the Acadian Orogeny. The lack of statistically significant differences in the distribution of FIA trends across the study area and their consistent relative timings in multi-FIA porphyroblasts, despite a complex regional deformation history involving numerous phases of folding at all scales, suggest the porphyroblasts have not rotated relative to one another. The change in FIA trend with time resulted from rotation of the kinematic reference frame of bulk flow, possibly as a consequence of the reorganization of lithospheric plates responsible for Acadian orogenesis. Recognition of distinct generations of FIAs provides a means of distinguishing different phases of porphyroblast growth. Four periods of garnet porphyroblast growth occurred in the schists of south-east Vermont. This growth was heterogeneously distributed on the cm²–m² scale. No single porphyroblast records all stages of growth, and adjacent samples from the same or dissimilar rock types commonly contain porphyroblasts that preserve different sequences of growth. Factors that may have been responsible for switching porphyroblast growth on and off at this scale include: (i) subtle differences in bulk chemical composition; (ii) oscillating levels of heat, owing to the buffering effect of endothermic garnet-forming reactions; (iii) channelized infiltration of fluids with localized fluid buffering of bulk composition; and (iv) cyclic controls on the rates of diffusion and material transport of reactants, either by channelized fluid flow or by a changing pattern of microfracturing during foliation development. Consistency in FIA trend and relative timing provide a new method for potentially distinguishing and correlating successive metamorphic events, or even phases of metamorphism within a progressive tectonothermal event, along and across orogens. Using a consistent pattern of core to rim changes in FIA trend, multiple phases of growth of a single porphyroblastic mineral can be quantitatively distinguished, allowing correlation of different phases of growth around and across macroscopic folds. The relative timing of growth of different porphyroblastic minerals can also be quantitatively determined using FIA data and correlated around and across macroscopic folds. Conceptually, the paragenetic history preserved in each generation of porphyroblast growth, in the form of chemical zoning and the minerals in inclusion trails, could be combined to produce a more detailed P–T–t–deformation path than previously determined.     

用古里雅冰芯的pH值及电导率探讨该冰川作用区的干湿变化(英)

Soluble salts on the surface ground in Guliya ice cap area change with climatic factors, especially with dry and wet conditions. pH and electric conductivity values of the Guliya ice core depend on soluble salts originated from surrounding arid or semi-arid regions, therefore the dry and wet changes can be approached by them. Results show that the approached dry and wet changes since the little ice age are consistent with that deduced from δ18O and accumulation rate.     

新疆玛纳斯湖沉积物氧同位素记录的古气候信息探讨──与青海湖和色林错比较

内陆封闭湖泊自生碳酸盐氧同位素组成与大气降水同位素组成、空气相对湿度和地面气温这三个参数相关。我国季风带的青海湖与色林错的δ¹⁸O曲线非常相似,说明古气候变化受相同因素驱动。在10500～9500aB．P．的末次冰期向全新世的过渡期,这两个湖泊的δ¹⁸O值大幅度下降,这是夏季风雨水的低δ¹⁸O值的缘故。属于西风带的玛纳斯湖和季风带的青海湖的δ¹⁸O曲线基本上是对称的。大约9500～4000aB．P,图形由对称转变为相似,据此推论当时夏季风的影响范围可能达到新疆北部。