Fish in the littoral zone: ecology, threats and management

The importance of the littoral zone of lakes to a diversity of fish species has been appreciated for many centuries, although the complexity and heterogeneity of this habitat have resulted in a poorer understanding of local fish ecology compared with that achieved for typically much larger but simpler offshore habitats. Lake fish species may occupy the littoral zone permanently or visit it on diel, seasonal or ontogenetic timescales in response to a range of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The purposes of such occupations include feeding, refuge from predation and, most importantly for many species, reproduction. The primary environmental threats to fish in the littoral zone arise from eutrophication, which may directly or indirectly alter feeding conditions through the loss of macrophytes, from increases or decreases in water level variations and from siltation rates, both of which may interfere with spawning or egg incubation, and from the introduction of alien species, many of which preferentially colonise the littoral zone where they may act as predators, competitors or environmental degraders. The management of these threats is best accomplished through general lake management measures such as the control of nutrient levels, but some actions specific to the littoral zone or its fish populations are also feasible. These include the replacement of lost or damaged spawning substrata, the active management of water levels at appropriate times of year, and, at least potentially, the deployment of artificial structures to provide appropriate physical habitat for adult fish.     

风沙对黄河宁蒙河段的影响研究进展

黄河宁蒙河段穿越腾格里沙漠、河东沙地、乌兰布和沙漠和库布齐沙漠,形成了沙漠包围河流的独特地貌景观。近50年来,由于气候变化和人类活动的影响,该河段水沙关系加剧恶化,河槽萎缩、加速形成“悬河”,已引起国家高度重视和科技界的广泛关注。本文主要从风沙对河道的淤积、河道演变和高含沙洪水的影响3个方面阐述了风沙对黄河宁蒙河段的影响,以期为该河段的“悬河”防治和区域生态保护提供依据。     

Application of extended Kalman filter to back analysis of the natural stress state accounting for measuring uncertainties

In this work, we present a numerical procedure for determining the nature stress state in the rock mass around a tunnel. A finite element method is applied for analyzing the direct problems of tunneling during the back analysis of parameter estimation, in which a no‐tension elastic–plastic model is used to simulate the elastic–tensile and elastic–plastic‐tensile failure states which often occur in the cases of underground excavation in heavily jointed rock masses. By considering the natural stress state as random parameters of the tunneling system, the Kalman filter method is employed for feedback analysis to modify the parameter values in a statistical context, which uses the prior information in the process of estimation and employs a set of displacements obtained from field measurements. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method of inverse analysis, the developed numerical procedure is applied to a synthetic example of deep tunnels in yielding rock masses. The relative importance of the a priori and updating information is investigated, as is the importance of their uncertainty. The results show great potential of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of effective stress parameter of unsaturated soils by using artificial neural networks

Great efforts are required for determination of the effective stress parameter χ, applying the unsaturated testing procedure, since unsaturated soils that have the three‐phase system exhibit complex mechanical behavior. Therefore, it seems more reasonable to use the empirical methods for estimation of χ. The objective of this study is to investigate the practicability of using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to model the complex relationship between basic soil parameters, matric suction and the parameter χ. Five ANN models with different input parameters were developed. Feed‐forward back propagation was applied in the analyses as a learning algorithm. The data collected from the available literature were used for training and testing the ANN models. Furthermore, unsaturated triaxial tests were carried out under drained condition on compacted specimens. ANN models were validated by a part of data sets collected from the literature and data obtained from the current study, which were not included in the training phase. The analyses showed that the results obtained from ANN models are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results and ANNs can be used as reliable tool for prediction of χ. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于黄土变形时效试验的高填方工后沉降研究

以填土厚约80 m的吕梁机场黄土高填方试验段为研究对象,开展不同性状黄土的室内变形时效性试验,并建立了反映其变形时效性的修正Burgers模型（M-B模型）,将其引入到有限差分法软件FLAC3D中,开展了填土在不同压实度、含水率控制标准和不同地基处理方案下高填方的工后沉降规律敏感性分析。基于原位监测结果进行数值反演和预测分析,进一步探究室内试验得到的变形时效性参数与高填方概化层参数之间的差异。结果表明：深厚黄土地基上的高填方工程,其原地基的处理是控制工后总沉降的首要因素,在设计填料的压实度时,其含水率的控制也是影响工后沉降的重要因素;经反演分析得到,概化层变形参数比室内大1～4倍,预测得到深厚黄土地基上的高填方沉降稳定的时间需3～4 a,建议竣工后1.5～2.0 a开展基础设施建设。     

创新型城市研究的理论演进与反思

通过对创新型城市研究的理论性追溯及其主要研究内容回顾,梳理出创新型城市研究的发展演进脉络。着重反思了当前创新型城市研究方面存在的薄弱环节,认为其突出表现为创新型城市研究的指标化困境以及对于城市创新外生力量源泉关注的不足,并明确指出,个性化的城市创新路径选择以及有效利用国际创新资源是未来创新型城市研究与实践的主要突破方向。     

基于黏弹性本构性能的隧道围岩变形预测研究

针对Ⅲ、Ⅳ级围岩,以江西高速公路隧道为背景,采用弹-黏塑性有限单元法分析预测不同类别隧道围岩变形。选取现场Ⅲ、Ⅳ级围岩进行室内剪切流变试验,分析得到Ⅲ、Ⅳ类岩样流变试验曲线与广义Kelvin 模型的流变曲线吻合较好。基于广义Kelvin模型,推导出黏弹性模型复杂应力状态下的应力-应变关系。采用施工过程的黏弹性动态反分析法计算围岩参数,结合反演参数对预测隧道围岩变形进行预测分析。研究成果已应用于实际隧道工程中,指导、修正设计和施工参数,可为安全施工提供合理依据。     

用于VLBI数字基带转换的多相滤波技术研究

该文阐述了利用低通滤波器和多相滤波器技术实现VLBI数字基带转换的原理,建立了采用多相滤波器与FFT技术的数字基带转换系统的仿真模型;然后对本模型的算法复杂度进行了分析和比较;最后对该模型的正确性进行了仿真实验验证.     

沉管灌注桩质量通病的反射波法诊断与防治

从施工工艺出发,分析沉管灌注桩经常出现的断裂、缩径、离析与上浮等质量通病产生的原因．并应用一维应力波理论分析了桩身存在质量通病时应力波的传播特征．发现它们在波阻抗、相位、频率与幅值等方面存在差异．且差异的大小与质量通病的性质及严重程度密切相关,利用反射波法正好可以作出定性判断．然后对症下药．提出了10条预防措施、3条防治方法。实践证明．诊断方法与防治措施切实有效．沉管灌注桩质量可以得到保障。     

考虑剪应力作用时横观各向同性岩体中圆形巷道位移反分析的惟一性

推导了考虑剪应力作用时横观各向同性岩体中圆形巷道的位移解析解,利用参数可辨识条件对考虑剪应力作用时横观各向同性岩体中圆形巷道位移反分析的惟一性进行了探讨。结果表明,无论布置多少个测点也不能惟一地反分析出所有7个参数,必须至少已知3个参数,才有可能惟一地反分析出其他参数;水平与竖直地应力分量是否为 0 对反分析惟一性有一定影响;3个地应力分量的可辨识性最好,各向同性面上的弹性模量和泊松比次之,垂直于各向同性面方向的弹性模量和泊松比最差。与不考虑剪应力时位移反分析惟一性结果相比,考虑剪应力时参数的可辨识性顺序不变,但是条件惟一的比例降低,不惟一和绝对惟一的比例增加,说明考虑剪应力能够提高位移反分析的惟一性。工程实例计算表明,推导的位移解析解和反分析惟一性探讨结果能够很好地指导岩体参数反演计算。