Harmonics of exceptionaly low amplitude anisotropic wave train events in cosmic ray intensity

The unusually low amplitude anisotropic wave train events (LAEs) in cosmic ray intensity using the ground based Deep River neutron monitor data has been studied during the period 1991–94. It has been observed that the phase of the diurnal anisotropy for the majority of the LAE events remains in the co-rotational direction. However, for some of the LAE events the phase of the diurnal anisotropy shifts towards earlier hours as compared to the annual average values. On the other hand, the amplitude of the semi-diurnal anisotropy remains statistically the same, whereas phase shift-towards later hours; a similar trend has also been found in case of tri-diurnal anisotropy. The high-speed solar wind streams do not play a significant role in causing the LAE events. The occurrence of LAE is independent of the nature of the Bz component of IMF polarity. Published in Astrofizika, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 313–324 (May 2007).     

Anisotropy and depth‐related heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity in a bog peat. I: laboratory measurements

Anisotropy and heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity (K) are suspected of greatly affecting rates and patterns of ground‐water seepage in peats. A new laboratory method, termed here the modified cube method, was used to measure horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_h and K_v) of 400 samples of bog peat. The new method avoids many of the problems associated with existing field and laboratory methods, and is shown to give relatively precise measurements of K. In the majority of samples tested, K_h was much greater than K_v, indicating that the bog peat was strongly anisotropic. Log₁₀K_h, log₁₀K_v, and log₁₀ (K_h/K_v) were found to vary significantly with depth, although none of the relationships was simple. We comment on the scale dependency of our measurements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Exact Anisotropic Quark Star Model

We present an exact analytical solution of the gravitational field equations describing a static spherically symmetric anisotropic quark matter distribution. The radial pressure inside the star is assumed to obey a linear equation of state, while the tangential pressure is a complicated function of the radial coordinate. In order to obtain the general solution of the field equations a particular density profile inside the star is also assumed. The anisotropic pressure distribution leads to an increase in the maximum radius and mass of the quark star, which in the present model is around three solar masses.     

Ground fissures within the Main Ethiopian Rift: Tectonic,lithological and piping controls

Ground fissures, especially if they open due to a sudden collapse of the surface, is a serious risk for populated areas. Their common occurrence in unconsolidated sediments of the Main Ethiopian Rift was found to be mostly a result of piping. The fissures start by piping in linear sub-horizontal underground voids, which often propagate upwards resulting in ceiling collapse and formation of deep and long ground fissures with vertical walls. In the southern and central Main Ethiopian Rift the fissures pose a serious risk to infrastructure and settlements. The ground fissures are often linear (up to several kilometres long and often tens of metres deep) and accompanied by sinkholes (along the length). A detailed field mapping of the geological (rock composition, orientation and character of lithological boundaries, primary fabrics and brittle structures) and geomorphological features (especially a length, width and depth of fissures, sinkholes and gullies) followed by in situ seismic anisotropy measurements and a laboratory determination of the geomechanical properties of volcanoclastic deposits was carried out to investigate the ground fissures' origin. The conditions and factors leading to the formation of the ground fissures have been linked to: (a) the presence of regional normal faults and the associated extensional joints and (b) the alternation of lithological units with contrasting hydraulic permeability. The latter corresponds to a sequence of less permeable hard rocks (e.g., rhyolitic ignimbrites) overlain by heterogeneous, soft and permeable, unconsolidated volcaniclastic deposits with a low amount of clay (less than 10%). The ground fissures' occurrence has shown affiliation to areas which have a significantly high seismic anisotropy (more than 20% at the study sites), which can be used as a proxy to map out high risk areas prone to piping and ground fissure formation.     

基于牛顿迭代法求解群速度的地震波射线追踪模拟

地下介质中普遍存在着各向异性,当前基于各向异性的地震波射线追踪多是在弱各向异性介质中进行且采用群速度近似表示方法,这些近似方法在强各项异性介质中会导致很大误差而无法真正模拟地震波的传播规律。根据地下普遍存在各向异性的事实和地震波基本传播规律,提出利用牛顿迭代法高效求解群速度,基于Paraview平台自动化构建三维地质模型,采用最短路径法进行地震波射线追踪模拟及可视化,实现对复杂三维地质的速度不均匀性和各向异性的表达,为三维地质模型的构建和地震波射线追踪模拟及可视化提供一种新思路,并以华北克拉通山西断陷带北部局部区域为例进行研究。结果表明,该方法能够减少由各向异性对地震波传播模拟造成的影响,清晰表达了研究区地质结构和各向异性特点,在对复杂三维地质结构的解读中能够较好应用。     

Seismogram Analysis of Earthquake C060394F,South Java: S-wave Velocity Structure

The S wave velocity structure between the hypocenter of C060394F earthquake,South Java and a series of observatory stations located in Australia and South-East Asia have been investigated through seismogram analysis in the time domain and the three Cartesian components.The synthetic seismogram is constructed from the PREMAN global earth model.Seismogram comparison between the measured and synthetic seismograms shows large discrepancies.A correction to the S wave velocity structure is needed to solve these d...     

Multiscale modeling of a sensitive marine clay

This paper examines the mechanical behavior of a sensitive marine clay. Various laboratory tests on intact and reconstituted samples of Guinea Gulf marine clay were performed under isotropic compression and drained triaxial compression at constant confining stresses. Microstructure analysis on intact and reconstituted samples was also carried out under different loading conditions. The effect of inter‐aggregates bonding on mechanical properties is discussed. Based on experimental analysis, a new modeling method is proposed. In this approach, the clay is regarded as an assembly of aggregates of clay particles. An inter‐aggregate contact law is introduced relating contact forces to aggregates relative displacements. The deformation of the assembly can be obtained by integrating the movement of the inter‐aggregate contacts in all orientations. Thus, the effect of inter‐aggregates bonds and debonding is considered in a direct way. The model is evaluated through comparisons between the predicted and measured results on Guinea Gulf marine clay. The evolutions of local stresses, strains, and bonds in inter‐aggregates planes are discussed to explain the anisotropy induced by the applied loading. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.