Predicting the initiation of static liquefaction of cross‐anisotropic sands under multiaxial stress conditions

Experimental evidence has shown that the liquefaction instability of sands can be affected by its material density, stress state, and inherent anisotropy. In order to predict the initiation of the static liquefaction of inherent cross‐anisotropic sands under multidimensional stress conditions, a rational constitutive model is needed. An elastoplasticity model able to capture the influences of intermediate principal stress ratio (b  = (σ ₂ ? σ ₃)/(σ ₁ ? σ ₃)) and loading direction on stress–strain relationships and volumetric properties was proposed. The yield function was formulated to be controlled by Lode angle, loading direction, and material state; the stress–dilatancy was a material state‐dependent function. After using the existing drained hollow cylinder tests to validate the proposed model, this model was used to simulate the existing undrained hollow cylinder tests. During this simulation, the second‐order work criterion was used to determine the initiation of static liquefaction. The results showed that an increase in both the intermediate principal stress ratio and the loading angle induces a decrease in the second‐order work. Static liquefaction is initiated more easily at a stress state with a large intermediate principal stress ratio and a large loading angle, and the mobilized friction angle at the instability points decreases with the intermediate principal stress ratio and the loading angle. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SANISAND-FN: An evolving fabric-based sand model accounting for stress principal axes rotation

SANISAND is the name of a family of bounding surface plasticity constitutive models for sand within the framework of critical state theory, which have been able to realistically simulate the sand behavior under conventional monotonic and cyclic loading paths. In order to incorporate the important role of evolving fabric anisotropy, one such model was modified within the framework of the new anisotropic critical state theory and named SANISAND-F model. Yet the response under continuous stress principal axes rotation requires further modification to account for the effect of ensuing noncoaxiality on the dilatancy and plastic modulus. This modification is simpler than what is often proposed in the literature, since it does not incorporate an additional plastic loading mechanism and/or multiple dilatancy and plastic modulus expressions. The new model named SANISAND-FN is presented herein and is validated against published data for loading that includes drained stress principal axes rotation on Toyoura sand.     

考虑地层各向异性井壁稳定性研究进展

考虑地层各向异性井壁稳定性研究对地质特征复杂的非常规油气储层开发意义重大,在对国内外近10年相关研究成果调研基础上对其主要进展进行了综述。影响井壁稳定性的地层各向异性因素包括:区域地应力大小、区域应力性质、岩石物理力学参数差异、井身结构、水化膨胀、微裂缝及弱层理盘角度等。详细梳理了各单因素对井壁稳定性的影响机制,地层应力系统及岩石强度对井壁稳定性的影响最大。对于具弱层理盘地层,沿不同钻井方向岩石强度差异较大;沿弱层理面地层容易发生水化膨胀,且往往微裂缝发育,井壁容易失稳,因此应采用高抑制钻井液体系或油基钻井液。在复杂地层钻井过程中,以上各单因素相伴而生,进行各单因素耦合条件下井壁稳定性分析对合理制定应对策略具有重要意义。加强考虑地层各向异性井壁稳定性基础理论、数值模拟及基于三维可视化建模的近实时井壁稳定动态模拟预测研究是该研究在未来的主要发展方向。     

Directional properties of small strain shear stiffness in soils

A compiled database of shear wave velocity measurements in a variety of clays, silts and sands shows directional hierarchies between downhole (V_sVH), standard crosshole (V_sHV), and rotary crosshole (V_sHH) tests. The special in situ database has been collected from 33 well-documented geotechnical test sites. Expressions relating the small-strain shear modulus in terms of effective confining stress level, stress history and void ratio are explored for each of these three modes of directional shear wave velocity. The relationships are separated initially into soil groups (intact clays, fissured clays, sands and silts), and then generalised to consider all soil types together.     

2017年武隆5.0级地震序列剪切波分裂研究

利用流动台及原有固定台记录的数字波形资料,采用SAM分析方法对武隆5.0级地震序列进行剪切波分裂特征研究,得到震区5个台站共94对剪切波分裂参数。研究结果表明,武隆震区快剪切波偏振方向总体呈NW向,受区域主压应力场的控制作用较为明显,而第一优势偏振方向由NW向转为NNW向可能是受该区域多条NE向断裂及复杂构造的综合影响;震中东、西两侧台站的快波偏振优势方向呈现一定的空间分布变化;快波偏振方向在震后早期较为离散,后期呈现逐步收敛的趋势,显示震后应力场逐步趋于稳定;在较强余震发生前,时间延迟具有上升趋势,其中部分较强余震前的短时间内还观测到时间延迟减小的现象,这可能反映震前应力场增强和临震应力释放;慢波时间延迟与震源深度的关系不明显。     

2007年宁洱6.4级地震横波分裂研究

通过研究2007年6月3日宁洱Ms6.4地震余震序列的三分向记录,为探索横波分裂现象以及上地壳存在裂隙各向异性提供依据,并发现快速S波偏振有两个优势方向,分别为NW140°和Nwl50°,这与宁洱地区的主应力场方向基本一致.横波分裂延迟时间能够动态反映地下应力场的变化趋势,且较大余震发生之前延迟时间出现大幅度上升.     

基于L系统的地震裂隙模拟研究

分形技术根据物体的局部自相似特征,突破了以往只能生成较规则图形的局限性,能够利用较少的描述性语句构造出复杂的非规则图形,如树木,河流和地震裂隙等。地震断层的破裂结构具有复杂性与随机性,然而在破裂过程中,总体形态蕴涵着分形的性质,该文研究基于L系统的三维结构建模方法,用以模拟地震断层的破裂。本文通过对地震数据的采集,从整体几何结构出发,并考虑地震断层破裂的规律和岩石的各向异性,提出基于几何可观察性的三维地震断层破裂的L系统构造模型,最后基于OpenGL图形库,实现裂隙的三维可视化仿真。     

地震各向异性流体检测技术在胜利油田垦71井区的应用(英文)

根据Chapman理论模型,在各向异性介质(如HTI介质)中,当入射角在0-45。范围内,慢横波会发生较大的衰减和频散,且对流体粘度敏感,而P波和快横波则比较小。对于沿裂隙法向传播的慢横波,其振幅受流体影响很大。因此,在P波响应对流体不敏感的情况下,可利用慢横波来获得裂隙型油气藏的流体信息。本文分析了胜利油田垦71地区三维三分量地震数据,检测出的慢横波振幅和旅行时异常与该区的测井资料十分吻合。分析结果还发现,与含油区相比,含水区会产生更高的横波分裂。在含水区,慢横波振幅会产生明显变化,而在含油区则几乎没有变化。