双轴各向异性介质多分量感应测井响应快速计算

为研究双轴各向异性介质多分量感应测井响应特征,本文基于三重傅里叶变换,推导任意方向偶极子源的谱域电磁场解析式;采用围线积分方法,自适应截断积分区间,结合谱域电磁场周期特性,实现三重傅里叶变换的精确快速积分;进而,针对双轴各向异性倾斜地层,模拟研究不同纵横向各向异性条件多分量感应测井响应特征.结果表明:利用谱域内电磁场在周向的周期特性简化解析式,可将计算速度提高4倍;自适应截断积分区间方法保证了计算精度,并极大地减少了积分节点数.对于倾斜双轴各向异性介质,倾角较大时,共面分量可反映地层横向各向异性,同轴分量可反映地层纵向各向异性;倾角较小时,同轴分量可反映地层横向各向异性,共面分量可反映地层纵向各向异性.     

青藏高原东南缘基于程函方程的面波方位各向异性研究

青藏高原东南缘作为高原物质侧向挤出的前沿地带,是研究岩石圈变形机制、高原物质侧向逃逸和深部动力学等科学问题的关键地区之一.本文利用研究区内540个宽频带流动地震台站记录的远震面波资料,基于程函方程面波层析成像方法获得了青藏高原东南缘周期14~80 s瑞利面波相速度和方位各向异性分布图像.结果显示：14~20 s周期内,面波方位各向异性分布与断裂带的走向和最大主压应力的方向密切相关,可能受到了断裂带和区域构造应力场的共同作用.川滇菱形块体的北部次级块体及丽江—小金河断裂带附近随着面波周期的增加,各向异性快波方向从NS向逐步转变为NE-SW方向,并与断裂带大致平行,而其以南的攀枝花附近表现为高相速度和弱各向异性的特征.我们推测,在川滇菱形块体北部存在明显的下地壳流,流动方向与块体向南的挤出方向基本一致,该地壳流受到攀枝花附近的高速、高强度坚硬块体阻挡,其前缘向西南方向流动.川滇菱形块体中部地区由于坚硬块体的存在,下地壳没有明显的通道流.在红河断裂以西地区,30~60 s周期范围的面波各向异性快波方向和红河断裂大致平行,推测可能与渐新世至中新世早期印支地块向南东方向的挤出密切相关.研究区东北部,四川盆地南缘地壳各向异性以NE-SW和NEE-SWW向为主与SKS快波方向明显不同,推测主要与该地区地壳的早期构造变形有关同时也说明SKS各向异性主要来自上地幔介质;在研究区南部104°E以西的中长周期面波各向异性方向与SKS分裂研究获得的近EW快波方向基本一致,但在104°E以东地区面波各向异性较弱且快波方向与SKS的观测结果存在明显差异,我们推测东部SKS各向异性来源深度至少在150 km以下.     

青藏高原东南缘三江地区上地壳各向异性初步研究

三江地区位于青藏高原东南缘,川滇菱形块体的西侧.受陆-陆板块碰撞作用的影响,构造活动强烈,地震活动频繁.为研究该区的应力环境、构造特征及二者间的关系,本文使用三江流动线性地震台阵SL-Array（2016-12—2017-05）和国家固定地震台网（2015-01—2017-12）记录到的地震波形资料,运用剪切波分裂分析技术研究三江地区上地壳各向异性研究.计算得到该区域快剪切波优势偏振方向为NNW向,与区域主压应力方向一致.结果显示各向异性特征有分区性,以维西—乔后断裂和小金河—丽江断裂为界,将线性台阵划分为A、B和C三个区域.A区快波优势偏振方向表现出与区域主压应力方向的一致性.B区局部构造复杂,快波优势偏振方向表现为近NS向.C区结果比较离散,无明显快波优势方向.自西向东,研究区域快波优势偏振方向表现为NNW至近NS向的变化趋势.计算得到研究区域慢剪切波时间延迟为2.8±1.7 ms·km^-1,其中B区最大,A区最小,反映了该区地壳介质各向异性强度的不均匀分布,也揭示了区域构造复杂程度与地震各向异性强度的关系.     

鄂尔多斯块体北缘与西缘地区地壳各向异性特征

本研究使用内蒙古自治区数字测震台网2010年1月至2017年10月区域小地震的波形记录资料,采用SAM方法,进行了地壳剪切波分裂的分析,得到鄂尔多斯块体北缘与西缘地区地壳介质地震各向异性的初步研究结果.根据15个台站161个有效地震记录的分析,鄂尔多斯块体北缘与西缘地区的快剪切波平均偏振方向为NE44.4°±38.4°,慢剪切波平均时间延迟为1.7±1.6ms·km~(-1).研究区域的快剪切波偏振显示出两个优势方向,一个是NE方向,另一个是近NS方向.区内的逆冲凸起与走滑正倾断层构造对剪切波分裂产生了直接的影响,造成了剪切波分裂参数的复杂分布,反映了剪切波分裂参数受到区域应力和构造共同作用的影响.鄂尔多斯块体北缘的快波偏振特征有NE和近NS两个优势偏振方向,其东区与西区的快剪切波偏振表现出明显不同的特征.东区的第一快剪切波优势偏振方向为NE,第二快剪切波优势偏振方向为近NS;西区的第一快剪切波优势偏振方向为近EW,第二快剪切波优势偏振方向为近NS.鄂尔多斯块体北缘的区域背景主压应力方向可能总体上为近NS方向,但空间分布有差异,东区NE方向的优势偏振与西区近EW方向的优势偏振更可能反映了断裂与构造的影响.鄂尔多斯块体西缘的快剪切波偏振特征显示出非常清楚的NE向的优势偏振方向,近NS向的优势偏振方向则不太明显,反映出该地区复杂构造对各向异性分布的影响.慢波时间延迟呈现出西低东高的特点,时间延迟的高值出现在鄂尔多斯块体北缘的东部,时间延迟的这种西低东高的各向异性强度变化,可能反映了区域构造活动西强东弱的特性.     

Low-frequency anisotropy in fractured and layered media

Computing effective medium properties is very important when upscaling data measured at small scale. In the presence of stratigraphic layering, seismic velocities and anisotropy parameters are scale and frequency dependent. For a porous layer permeated by aligned fractures, wave-induced fluid flow between pores and fractures can also cause significant dispersion in velocities and anisotropy parameters. In this study, we compare the dispersion of anisotropy parameters due to fracturing and layering at low frequencies. We consider a two-layer model consisting of an elastic shale layer and an anelastic sand layer. Using Chapman's theory, we introduce anisotropy parameters dispersion due to fractures (meso-scale) in the sand layer. This intrinsic dispersion is added to anisotropy parameters dispersion induced by layering (macro-scale) at low frequencies. We derive the series coefficients that control the behaviour of anisotropy parameters at low frequencies. We investigate the influences of fracture length and fracture density on fracturing effect, layering effect and combined effect versus frequency and volume fraction of sand layer. Numerical modelling results indicate that the frequency dependence due to layering is not always the dominant effect of the effective properties of the medium. The intrinsic dispersion is not negligible compared with the layering effect while evaluating the frequency-dependent properties of the layered medium.     

Magnetotelluric responses of three-dimensional conductive and magnetic anisotropic anomalies

A magnetotelluric finite-element modelling algorithm is developed, which is capable of handling three-dimensional conductive and magnetic anisotropic anomalies. Different from earlier three-dimensional magnetotelluric anisotropic modelling methods, the algorithm we presented has taken the magnetic anisotropy into consideration. The variational equations are produced by the Galerkin method and the governing equations are solved using a hexahedral vector edge finite-element method. The accuracy of this algorithm is firstly validated by comparing its solutions with the results of finite-difference method for a three-dimensional conductive arbitrary anisotropic model, and then validated by comparing with analytical solutions for a one-dimensional magnetic model. The responses of four kinds of models under different conditions are studied, and some conclusions are obtained. It shows that for materials with a high magnetic permeability, its influence on magnetotelluric responses cannot be ignored in some circumstances. Especially, if the magnetic susceptibility is exceptionally high, it may really distort the apparent resistivities of lower resistive anomalies. These conclusions are also beneficial for magnetotelluric survey.     

Slowness domain offset and traveltime approximations in layered vertical transversely isotropic media

Considering horizontally layered transversely isotropic media with vertical symmetry axis and all types of pure‐mode and converted waves we present a new wide‐angle series approximation for the kinematical characteristics of reflected waves: horizontal offset, intercept time, and total reflection traveltime as functions of horizontal slowness. The method is based on combining (gluing) both zero‐offset and (large) finite‐offset series coefficients. The horizontal slowness is bounded by the critical value, characterised by nearly horizontal propagation within the layer with the highest horizontal velocity. The suggested approximation uses five parameters to approximate the offset, six parameters to approximate the intercept time or the traveltime, and seven parameters to approximate any two or all three kinematical characteristics. Overall, the method is very accurate for pure‐mode compressional waves and shear waves polarised in the horizontal plane and for converted waves. The application of the method to pure‐mode shear waves polarised in the vertical plane is limited due to cusps and triplications. To demonstrate the high accuracy of the method, we consider a synthetic, multi‐layer model, and we plot the normalised errors with respect to numerical ray tracing.     

青藏高原东缘及东北缘S波速度结构和径向各向异性

青藏东缘和东北缘是高原生长和扩张的前缘,研究其地下物质及变形特征有助于理解青藏高原生长机制.本文收集187个固定地震台站记录的长达7年的三分量连续波形数据,辅以189个流动台站3年的数据,开展噪声瑞利波和勒夫波群速度层析成像工作.基于8～40 s周期瑞利波和勒夫波群速度,通过线性反演方法得到地下50 km深度范围的三维SH和SV速度结构.我们定义径向各向异性ψ=2(v_(SH)-v_(SV))/(v_(SH)+v_(SV)),以此来展示地下物质变形以水平方向(v_(SH)v_(SV))还是垂直方向(v_(SH)v_(SV))为主.径向各向异性显示青藏高原东缘和东北缘具有完全不同的变形机制.青藏东北缘以垂向变形为主,地壳流模型不太可能是该区域主要的变形机制.青藏东缘以水平变形为主,支持中下地壳流变模型.柴达木盆地和四川盆地下方径向各向异性差异显著,说明高原边缘稳定的地块在高原扩展中起到不同的作用.     

Complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer for frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation in anisotropic media

Seismic anisotropy has an important influence on seismic data processing and interpretation. Although the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation has a problem of solving the large scale linear sparse matrix due to the computational limitations, it has some advantages over the time-domain seismic wavefield simulation including efficient inversion using only a limited number of frequency components and easy implementation of multiple sources. To accurately simulate seismic wave propagation in the frequency domain, we also need to choose the absorbing boundary conditions to absorb artificial reflections from edges of the model as we do in the time domain. Compared with the classical boundary conditions including the perfectly matched layer and complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer, the complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer has been proven to effectively suppress the unwanted reflections at grazing incidence and solve the instability problem in the time-domain seismic numerical modelling in anisotropic elastic media. In this paper, we propose to extend the complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition to the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation in anisotropic elastic media. To test the validity of our proposed algorithm, we compare the results (snapshots and seismograms) of the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation with those of the time-domain modelling. The model studies indicate that the complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition is stable in the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation in anisotropic media, and provides better absorbing performance than the complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer boundary condition.     

Preliminary analysis of crustal shear-wave splitting in the Sanjiang lateral collision zone of the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications

The collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, to the east of the eastern Himalayan syntaxes, forms the Sanjiang lateral collision zone in the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau, where there are intense crustal deformation, active faults, earthquakes, as well as a metallogenic belt. Given the lack of adequate seismic data, shear-wave splitting in this area has not been studied. With seismic data from a temporary seismic linear array, as well as permanent seismic stations, this paper adopts the identification on microseismic event to pick more events and obtains shear-wave splitting parameters from local earthquakes. From the west to the east, the study area can be divided into three subzones. The “fast” polarization (i.e. the polarization of the fast shear wave) varies gradually from NNW to NS to NNE in these three subzones. The time delay of the slow shear wave (i.e. the time difference between the two split shear waves) also increases in the same direction, indicating the presence of seismic anisotropy above 25 km in the crust. Both shear-wave splitting parameters are closely related to stress, faults and tectonics. The scatter and the “dual” (i.e. two) dominant orientations of the fast polarizations at several stations indicate strong distortions caused by nearby faults or deep tectonics. The anisotropic parameters are found to be related to some degree to the metallogenic belt. It is worth to further analyse the link between the anisotropic pattern and the metallogenic area, which suggests that shear-wave splitting could be applied to study metallogeny. This paper demonstrates that the identification on microseismic event is a useful tool in detecting shear-wave splitting details and exploring its tectonic implications.