基于环形扫面测量的三维直流电阻率法任意各向异性模型响应特征

高精度地下任意各向异性介质电性分布特征识别是当前的热门研究课题。本文以国内外前人工作为基础,基于非结构化网格,利用基于梯度恢复的后验误差估计指导网格自适应细化过程,实现了直流电阻率法三维有限元数值模拟。通过与一维模型半解析解的对比,验证了本文算法的有效性。考虑到电各向异性介质在观测中存在视电阻率反常现象,本文采用了环形扫面测量方法。通过对几种典型各向异性模型的模拟分析,得到了相应的各向异性影响规律和识别特征,各向异性主轴电阻率之间的比值大小决定了椭圆型视电阻率极性曲线长轴与短轴的比值大小,主轴电阻率的旋转方向会改变视电阻率极性曲线的形状。本文的算法研究及数值模拟技术可为直流电法数据精细处理和解释提供技术支撑。     

The validity of generic trends on multiple scales in rock-physical and rock-mechanical properties of the Whitby Mudstone,United Kingdom

Finding generic trends in mechanical and physical rock properties will help to make predictions of the rock-mechanical behaviour of shales. Understanding the rock-mechanical behaviour of shales is important for the successful development of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs.This paper presents the effect of heterogeneities in mineralogy and petrophysical properties on the validity of generic trends on multiple scales in rock-mechanical and rock-physical properties of the Whitby Mudstone. Rock-mechanical laboratory experiments have been performed on Whitby Mudstone samples from multiple outcrops within five kilometres laterally in order to investigate the heterogeneity and possible trends on an outcrop scale. Unconfined compression tests and acoustic measurements have been conducted to obtain the rock-mechanical properties, including rock strength, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and velocity anisotropy. The rock-physical properties, including mineralogy, porosity, and matrix density, were measured using X-ray fluorescence and helium pycnometry. Various methodologies have been applied to the resultant data in order to derive different brittleness indices.Significant heterogeneity in rock-mechanical and rock-physical properties is present on an outcrop scale. There is no obvious correlation between mineral content and rock-mechanical properties on an outcrop scale in the Whitby Mudstone. Comparison with shales from different basins show, however, correlations between composition and elastic properties. The presence of significant heterogeneities on an outcrop scale and between shales from different basins make it difficult to find generic trends in rock-physical and rock-mechanical properties.     

华北克拉通中部过渡带SKS波分裂研究:鄂尔多斯东南角的局部软流圈绕流

本文对布设在华北克拉通东西两块体交界区域的宽频带流动地震观测台阵和部分固定台站的远震波形记录开展了SKS波分裂研究.结果显示,鄂尔多斯块体内部的各向异性比较弱,剪切波分裂导致的时间延迟一般小于0.7s.鄂尔多斯块体东缘的山西断陷带和太行山以及华北平原西部均表现出了比较强的各向异性,时间延迟大于1.0s.特别是在太行山地区观测到的ENE趋向的快波偏振方向明显不同于鄂尔多斯块体和华北平原地区的近E-W和ESE方向的快波偏振方向.在华北克拉通东西两块体交界过渡带的太行山地区观测到的显著上地幔各向异性及变化可能对应于围绕鄂尔多斯块体东南角的局部软流圈绕流,而后者可能起因于鄂尔多斯块体的逆时针旋转以及青藏高原软流圈沿秦岭大别造山带向东的流动.     

新型贴井壁式阵列方位侧向测井数值模拟与响应特性

在现有侧向测井仪器基础上,提出了一种新型贴井壁式阵列方位侧向测井电极系,该仪器能提供径向和周向方位电阻率测量.该电极系采用贴井壁测量方式,提供5种径向探测深度.利用三维有限元方法模拟了阵列方位侧向测井电极系的井眼影响特性、径向探测特性、纵向分层能力、方位分辨能力,并模拟其对井周地层、水平井非对称泥浆侵入和倾斜地层的响应.在导电泥浆中最大探测深度为1.23m,纵向分辨率为0.3m,可以识别出0.1m薄层,方位分辨率为20°.贴井壁测量时,纵向分辨率不受泥浆和围岩电阻率的影响,能够准确测量井周方位电阻率,较不贴井壁测量具有很大优势,同时利用12条方位电阻率曲线能够反映出水平井泥浆非对称侵入特性,倾斜地层倾角和倾斜方向.     

一维垂直各向异性介质频率域海洋可控源电磁资料反演方法

本文提出了一维垂直各向异性(VTI)介质倾斜偶极源频率域海洋可控源电磁(CSEM)资料高斯-牛顿反演方法.在电阻率各向异性介质水平偶极源和垂直偶极源海洋CSEM正演算法的基础上,利用欧拉旋转方法,实现了各向异性介质倾斜偶极源海洋CSEM正演算法.海洋可控源电磁场关于地下介质横向电阻率(ρ_h)和垂向电阻率(ρ_v)的偏导数(即灵敏度矩阵)是解析计算的,结合垂直各向异性介质横向电阻率与垂向电阻率的关系,将各向异性率融入到正则化因子选择中,实现了正则化因子的自适应选择.理论模型合成数据和实测资料反演算例表明,我们提出的反演方法能够较准确的重构海底围岩和基岩的各向异性电阻率以及高阻薄层的埋藏深度、厚度和垂向电阻率.     

Inversion of multicomponent seismic time shifts for reservoir pressure and length: a feasibility study

Pressure drops associated with reservoir production generate excess stress and strain that cause travel‐time shifts of reflected waves. Here, we invert time shifts of P‐, S‐, and PS‐waves measured between baseline and monitor surveys for pressure reduction and reservoir length. The inversion results can be used to estimate compaction‐induced stress and strain changes around the reservoir. We implement a hybrid inversion algorithm that incorporates elements of gradient, global/genetic, and nearest neighbour methods and permits exploration of the parameter space while simultaneously following local misfit gradients. Our synthetic examples indicate that optimal estimates of reservoir pressure from P‐wave data can be obtained using the reflections from the reservoir top. For S‐waves, time shifts from the top of the reservoir can be accurately inverted for pressure if the noise level is low. However, if noise contamination is significant, it is preferable to use S‐wave data (or combined shifts of all three modes) from reflectors beneath the reservoir. Joint wave type inversions demonstrate improvements over any single pure mode. Reservoir length can be estimated using the time shifts of any mode from the reservoir top or deeper reflectors. We also evaluate the differences between the actual strain field and those corresponding to the best‐case inversion results obtained using P‐ and S‐wave data. Another series of tests addresses the inversion of the time shifts for the pressure drops in two‐compartment reservoirs, as well as for the associated strain field. Numerical testing shows that a potentially serious source of error in the inversion is a distortion in the strain‐sensitivity coefficients, which govern the magnitude of stiffness changes. This feasibility study suggests which wave types and reflector locations may provide the most accurate estimates of reservoir parameters from compaction‐induced time shifts.     

青藏高原东南缘基于背景噪声的Rayleigh面波方位各向异性研究

青藏高原东南缘地区是现今地壳形变和地震活动最强烈的地区之一,也是研究青藏高原现今变形机制和构造演化规律的重要区域.本研究使用云南区域地震台网的55个宽频带地震台站连续地震背景噪声数据,采用双台站互相关方法获得Rayleigh(瑞利)面波经验格林函数,提取相速度频散曲线,反演得到云南地区周期5~34s范围内方位各向异性分布图像.反演结果揭示:短周期(5~12s)Rayleigh面波快波优势方向与区域断裂走向有很好的一致性,快波方向随着断裂走向的变化而变化.周期16~26s快波优势方向与反映上地壳特性的5~12s图像总体图像相似,但细节略有不同.其中,滇中块体内易门断裂和滇中块体内东侧的普渡河断裂附近,各向异性快波方向从NS向NW方向旋转;易门断裂以西呈NW向.这反映了青藏高原物质东流和川滇块体受到青藏块体的南东向挤压作用.周期30~34s范围的各向异性,滇缅泰块体和印支块体,快波优势方向为NS和NNW向;而在滇中块体内部,各向异性快波方向呈顺时针旋转变化,可能与青藏高原物质向东逃逸有关.本文还开展了与体波各向异性的对比分析,通过与近震S波分裂、Pms转换波分裂和远震SKS、PKS和SKKS(以后简称为XKS)分裂的对比研究,发现随着周期的增大,得到的快波优势方向与XKS剪切波快波偏振方向趋向一致,与地壳快剪切波偏振方向呈一定夹角.本研究认为,青藏高原东南缘地区壳幔各向异性具有不同的特征和形成机制.     

一种裂缝流体因子的提出及应用

为了解决各向异性下的流体识别问题,将纵波各向异性裂缝预测以及Russell的流体因子融合到直角坐标系中,提出了一种能够同时检测裂缝发育情况以及流体性质的新的裂缝流体因子(Factor of Fluid-filled Fracture,FFF),并通过一组岩性参数检验了裂缝流体因子在裂缝预测及流体识别中的有效性.在理论研究的基础上,选取松辽盆地某地区的火成岩裂缝及流体识别研究为应用实例.通过与测井流体及裂缝信息的对比验证,裂缝流体因子能够较为准确地预测研究区裂缝和流体的分布情况,且裂缝流体因子在单井上的计算结果与单井含气饱和度吻合度较高.此外,根据实际应用效果,指出裂缝流体因子在应用中的局限性:裂缝流体因子在平面成图时受地层厚度影响较大,且无法预测裂缝方向.     

低孔隙度泥页岩应力依赖的各向异性裂纹演化特性研究

本文在实验室对所获取的东营地区层理发育的低孔隙度页岩和泥岩的各向异性裂纹演化特性进行了研究,获得了各向同性条件下泥页岩的力学与超声波响应特性,分析了应力幅度对于页岩声波速度和各向异性的影响.主要结论包括:(1)泥页岩在循环载荷下存在滞后效应,表明其经历了去压实或油气产生导致的超压;(2)泥岩和页岩具有不同程度的各向异性,随着各向同性压力的增高微裂隙逐渐闭合,样品的各向异性程度减弱;(3)分析了岩石韧度和裂纹损伤参数随压力的变化特征,相比泥岩,页岩各向异性程度更高,随压力变化更明显,其裂纹导致的附加各向异性更强;(4)分析了各向异性岩石的动态弹性模量特征,由于软裂隙空间的闭合,动态弹性模量在低压条件下都随着围压的增加有硬化趋势.     

Sensitivity of the elastic anisotropy and seismic reflection amplitude of the Eagle Ford Shale to the presence of kerogen

The Eagle Ford Shale of Central and South Texas is currently of great interest for oil and gas exploration and production. Laboratory studies show that the Eagle Ford Shale is anisotropic, with a correlation between anisotropy and total organic carbon. Organic materials are usually more compliant than other minerals present in organic‐rich shales, and their shapes and distribution are usually anisotropic. This makes organic materials an important source of anisotropy in organic‐rich shales. Neglecting shale anisotropy may lead to incorrect estimates of rock and fluid properties derived from inversion of amplitude versus offset seismic data. Organic materials have a significant effect on the PP and PS reflection amplitudes from the Austin Chalk/Upper Eagle Ford interface, the Upper Eagle Ford/Lower Eagle Ford interface, and the Lower Eagle Ford/Buda Limestone interface. The higher kerogen content of the Lower Eagle Ford compared with that of the Upper Eagle Ford leads to a negative PP reflection amplitude that dims with offset, whereas the PS reflection coefficient increases in magnitude with increasing offset. The PP and PS reflection coefficients at the Austin Chalk/Upper Eagle Ford interface, the Upper Eagle Ford/Lower Eagle Ford interface, and the Lower Eagle Ford/Buda Limestone interface all increase in magnitude with increasing volume fraction of kerogen.