基于SPI指数的甘肃省河东地区干旱时空特征分析

干旱是西北地区主要的自然灾害之一。本文以甘肃省河东地区作为研究区,基于该地区38个气象站1971-2010年逐月降水数据计算标准化降水指数（SPI指数）,分析了不同时间尺度SPI指数的时间序列特征,探讨了SPI₃和SPI₁₂的年代际距平和倾向率的时空变化,以及特旱、重旱和中旱的发生频次。结果表明：（1）随着时间尺度的增加,SPI指数随机性在减弱,持续性在加强。干旱出现较多的时期为1991-2005年,出现较少的时期为1974-1982年。（2）20世纪80年代以前河东地区偏湿,90年代以后河东地区有偏干的趋势。河东地区行政区划分为7个部分,70-80年代,除甘南地区外,其余地区的SPI₃倾向率均显著增加;80-90年代,河东地区SPI₃倾向率持续减少,减少最明显的为定西地区;90年代到21世纪初,河东地区SPI₃倾向率又有增加趋势。对于SPI₁₂来说,自20世纪70年代到2010年,除甘南、陇南和天水地区的SPI₁₂倾向率为先减少后增加以外,其余地区均呈现先增加,后减小,然后再增加的趋势。（3）3个月时间尺度干旱的分布范围广,发生频次高,主要发生于河东地区的北部。12个月时间尺度的特旱主要发生在河东地区的北部,重旱和中旱主要发生在河东地区的东部。     

应用土壤水模拟模型研究区域干旱

旨在应用平原地区土壤水模拟模型，给出区域旱精分析所需的干旱信息。以多年平均土壤含水量为判断旱情发生的临界函数，经过统计分析后，提出了一种适用于平原地区分析 区域旱情严重程度的实用方法和拟定评价旱情的定量标准。     

山东省春秋季暴雨天气的环流特征和形成机制初探

对山东省春秋季暴雨的气候特征和影响系统进行了分析, 制作了春秋季暴雨的平均环流形势图。分析了2003年春秋季两次大范围暴雨的环流特征和影响系统及暴雨期间大气的热力特征和水汽输送特征, 应用k-螺旋度和倾斜涡度发展理论, 分析了暴雨的形成机制。结果表明:4月暴雨均受气旋影响, 10月暴雨以冷锋影响居多。2003年4月17—18日为气旋暴雨, 10月10—12日为切变线冷锋暴雨。两次暴雨前都有低空偏南风急流向暴雨区输送水汽, 大气强烈增温增湿, 对流不稳定度增大, 湿斜压性增强。强冷锋南下触发对流不稳定能量释放, 产生暴雨。暴雨期间低层正k-螺旋度猛烈发展。暴雨前期中低层MPV1 < 0且MPV2 > 0, 冷锋影响期间MPV1 > 0且MPV2 < 0, 都有利于倾斜涡度发展, 增强了上升运动。     

2004年我国天气气候特点

2004年，全国平均年降水量较常年偏少，且时空分布不均。春李至初夏，东北西部、内蒙古东部地区出现近50年来最严重的干旱；秋季，华南、长江中下游地区发生大范围的严重干旱。汛期，我国大江大河未发生大的流域性洪涝灾害，但局地性强降雨造成的暴雨洪涝和滑坡、泥石流等灾害比较频繁，四川、重庆、云南、河南、湖北、湖南等省市损失较重。全国年平均气温较常年明显偏高，但阶段性起伏变化较大，冬、春、秋季部分地区遭受低温冻害或雪灾，夏季南方出现持续高温天气。年内，有8个台风(热带风暴)登陆我国，其中台风“云娜”给浙江造成严重损失。雷雨大风、冰雹、雷击等局地强对流天气发生频繁。春季北方沙尘天气较上年同期增多。综合分析，2004年我国气候总体正常，气象灾害偏轻，属于偏好年景。     

Trends and risk evolution of drought disasters in Tibet Region,China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The risk posed by natural disasters can be largely reflected by hazard and vulnerability. The analysis of long-term hazard series can reveal the mechanisms by...     

2023年秋季我国气候异常特征及成因分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析数据集和中国2400个站的气候观测数据,对2023年秋季我国气候异常特征及其成因进行分析。2023年秋季全国平均气温为1961年以来历史同期最高;全国平均降水量接近常年同期,但空间分布不均且季节内变化明显。秋季欧亚中高纬环流呈“两槽一脊”型,造成我国气温显著偏高;9月呈“两脊一槽”型,巴尔喀什湖低槽活动导致西北地区降水增多;10月呈“两槽一脊”型,导致北方地区偏暖加强;11月呈“西高东低”型,东路冷空气增强,东北地区气温偏低、降水偏多。西太平洋副热带高压总体较常年偏强、偏西,脊线9月异常偏北、10月偏南、11月接近常年。印缅槽9月显著偏强,10—11月接近常年。9月印缅槽偏强与副热带高压异常偏北共同导致了长江中下游以北至黄河下游地区多雨;10—11月东部地区水汽条件整体偏差。9—10月近海台风频繁活动,造成华南地区降水偏多。2023年秋季我国气候受到大气季节内变化的显著作用,热带海温异常的影响不典型。     

四川盆地东部再生稻高温伏旱区腋芽萌发期气象适宜度

以四川盆地东部再生稻高温伏旱区为研究区,基于气象条件对腋芽萌发期再生稻生长发育的影响机理,采用结构方程模型探明了腋芽萌发的影响因素、影响路径及影响强度。进一步结合隶属函数和层次分析法,构建了再生稻腋芽萌发气象适宜度模型,并分析了1981—2021年研究区腋芽萌发期气象影响因素及气象适宜度的变化特征。结果表明：气温、空气湿度、降水是四川盆地东部再生稻高温伏旱区腋芽萌发的关键影响因素,基于以上因素的气象适宜度模型能较好地评价再生稻腋芽萌发期的气象影响。1981—2021年研究区气温适宜度、空气湿度适宜度及综合气象适宜度均呈下降趋势,降水适宜度没有表现出明显的变化趋势。气温适宜度、空气湿度适宜度及综合气象适宜度总体呈“西高东低”的空间分布特征,降水适宜度则表现为“东西高、中部低”。1981—2021年研究区气温上升趋势与空气湿度下降趋势显著,导致致害高温（日平均气温≥32℃）积温和致害低湿（日平均相对湿度≤65％）日数明显增加,这是再生稻腋芽萌发期气象适宜度总体呈下降趋势的诱因。     

A methodology for drought preparedness

Drought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate that affects virtually all countries to some degree. The number of drought-induced natural disasters has grown significantly since the 1960s, largely as a result of increasing vulnerability to extended periods of precipitation deficiency rather than because of an increase in the frequency of meteorological droughts. This increase in drought-induced natural disasters has resulted in a considerable growth of interest in drought mitigation and preparedness worldwide. The purpose of a national preparedness plan is to reduce societal vulnerability to drought through the adoption of preventive, anticipatory policies and programs. This paper describes a ten-step planning process that nations can follow to develop a drought preparedness plan. This process, originally developed in 1987, has been the basis of discussions at training seminars on drought preparedness for developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It has also been adopted, with appropriate modifications, by state or provincial governments and by municipalities. The process is intended to be flexible so that governments can add, delete, or modify the suggested steps, as necessary.Published as Paper No. 10946, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Research Division. The work reported here was conducted under Nebraska Agricultural Research Division Project 27-007. This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant ATM-8704050.     

广西贺州地区气温和干旱的气候变化特征

利用近30年的实际观测资料,分析贺州地区年平均气温和干旱指数的变化特征,结果表明:(1)贺州地区年平均气温有增高趋势,冬季和春季较大幅度变暖,带来"暖冬",夏季反而稍微降温,出现"凉夏",秋季稍有增温,但不明显;(2)贺州地区的年平均气温存在11 a和4a左右的两个振荡周期;(3)在上世纪80年代初,贺州地区干旱指数有一次明显的年代际变化,由负值转为正值,干旱有加重的趋势,未来几年贺州地区干旱指数仍处于增强的趋势中,这与11～13 a左右的振荡周期处于正位相有关.贺州地区4个站的干旱指数都有一个11～13a左右的振荡周期和一个2～6 a左右的振荡周期.     

Drought characteristics of Henan province in 1961-2013 based on Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index

Drought is one of the most complex natural hazards affecting agriculture, water resources, natural ecosystems, and society. The negative societal consequences of drought include severe economic losses, famine, epidemics, and land degradation. However, few studies have analyzed the complexity of drought characteristics, both at multiple time scales and with variations in evapotranspiration. In this study, drought occurrences were quantified using a new drought index, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), based on observed data of monthly mean temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2013 in Henan province, central China. Based on the SPEI values of each weather station in the study, the frequency and severity of meteorological droughts were computed, and the monthly, seasonal, and annual drought frequency and intensity over a 53-year period were analyzed. The spatial and temporal evolution, intensity, and the primary causes of drought occurrence in Henan were revealed. The results showed that the SPEI values effectively reflected the spatial and temporal pattern of drought occurrence. As the time scale decreased, the amplitude of the SPEI increased and droughts became more frequent. Since 1961, drought has occurred at the annual, seasonal, and monthly scales, and the occurrence of drought has increased. However, regional distribution has been uneven. The highest drought frequency, 35%, was observed in the Zhoukou region, while the lowest value, ~26%, was measured in central and western Henan. The most severe droughts occurred in the spring and summer, followed by autumn. Annually, wide-ranging droughts occurred in 1966–1968, 1998–2000, and 2011–2013. The drought intensity showed higher values in north and west Henan, and lower values in its east and south. The maximum drought intensity value was recorded in Anyang, and the minimum occurred in Zhumadian, at 22.18% and 16.60%, respectively. The factors with the greatest influence on drought occurrence are increasing temperatures, the Eurasian atmospheric circulation patterns, and the El Niño effect.